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Past Questions
Which among the following is true about Primary vs Secondary memory?
A)
Primary memory is non-volatile, Secondary memory is volatile
B)
Primary memory is faster but temporary, Secondary memory is slower but permanent
C)
Both are volatile in nature
D)
Secondary memory directly communicates with CPU
To determine the correct statement, we must analyze the characteristics of Primary and Secondary memory:
1. **Primary Memory (e.g., RAM):** It is the main memory of the computer. It is directly accessible by the CPU, making it extremely fast. However, it is 'volatile,' meaning it loses its data when the power is turned off (temporary).
2. **Secondary Memory (e.g., HDD, SSD):** It is used for long-term storage. It is 'non-volatile,' meaning it retains data even without power (permanent). Because it is not directly connected to the CPU's internal bus in the same way as RAM, it is significantly slower.
Evaluating the options:
- **Option a:** Incorrect. It swaps the definitions; Primary is volatile and Secondary is non-volatile.
- **Option b:** Correct. It accurately describes the speed (Primary is faster) and the persistence (Primary is temporary/volatile, Secondary is permanent/non-volatile).
- **Option c:** Incorrect. Only Primary memory (specifically RAM) is volatile; Secondary memory is non-volatile.
- **Option d:** Incorrect. The CPU communicates directly with Primary memory (RAM) and Cache. Secondary memory must first load data into Primary memory before the CPU can process it.
In Excel, which of the following is not a valid chart type?
A)
Line Chart
B)
Pie Chart
C)
Cylinder Chart
D)
Flowchart
In Microsoft Excel, charts are used to represent numerical data visually.
1. **Line Chart (Option a):** A standard valid chart type used to show trends over time.
2. **Pie Chart (Option b):** A standard valid chart type used to show proportions of a whole.
3. **Cylinder Chart (Option c):** A valid variation of the 3D Column chart where the bars are shaped as cylinders.
4. **Flowchart (Option d):** A flowchart is a diagram that represents a process, workflow, or step-by-step sequence. While you can create a flowchart in Excel using 'Shapes' or 'SmartArt', it is not a 'Chart Type' found in the 'Insert Chart' menu. Charts are data-driven, whereas flowcharts are structural diagrams.
Therefore, a Flowchart is not a valid chart type in Excel.
Which wireless communication technology is best suited for long-range, low-power IoT and smart city applications?
A)
Zigbee
B)
Bluetooth
C)
LoRaWAN
D)
WiMAX
To determine the best technology for long-range, low-power IoT and smart city applications, we must evaluate the characteristics of each option:
1. **LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network)**: This is specifically designed for Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) applications. It allows for long-range communication (up to 10-15 km in rural areas) while maintaining extremely low power consumption, enabling battery-operated devices to last for years. This makes it the ideal choice for smart city infrastructure (e.g., smart parking, water metering, street lighting).
2. **Zigbee**: While it is low-power and used in IoT, it is a short-range mesh networking protocol (typically 10-100 meters). It is suited for home automation, not city-wide deployments.
3. **Bluetooth**: This is a short-range wireless technology (typically <100 meters). Even Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is designed for personal area networks (PANs), not long-range infrastructure.
4. **WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)**: While WiMAX provides long-range coverage, it is a high-bandwidth, high-power technology designed for broadband wireless access (similar to cellular data). It is not 'low-power' and is unsuitable for small, battery-powered IoT sensors.
Therefore, LoRaWAN is the only technology that satisfies both the 'long-range' and 'low-power' requirements for smart city IoT.
Which technology is commonly used to securely connect private networks through public network for collaboration and resource access?
A)
Proxy Server
B)
Remote Desktop
C)
Firewall
D)
Virtual Private Network
The question asks for a technology used to securely connect private networks over a public network (like the Internet).
1. **Virtual Private Network (VPN)**: A VPN creates a secure, encrypted 'tunnel' over a public network. This allows users to send and receive data as if their computing devices were directly connected to the private network, making it the standard technology for secure remote collaboration and resource access.
2. **Why other options are incorrect:**
- **Proxy Server (a)**: A proxy acts as an intermediary between a client and a server to provide anonymity, filtering, or caching, but it does not create a secure network-to-network tunnel for full resource access.
- **Remote Desktop (b)**: This is a software application that allows a user to control another computer remotely. While it provides access to a resource, it is a tool for remote control, not a networking technology for connecting entire private networks.
- **Firewall (c)**: A firewall is a security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. It protects a network but does not provide the connectivity mechanism to link two private networks over a public one.
In a URL such as https://www.example.com:443/index.html, the number 443 refers to:
A)
Port number
B)
IP address
C)
File size
D)
Security certificate ID
A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) consists of several components: the protocol (https), the domain name (www.example.com), the port number (443), and the path to the resource (/index.html).
1. **Port Number (Option a):** In a URL, the number following the colon (:) after the domain name specifies the port on which the server is listening for requests. Port 443 is the standard default port for HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure). If the default port is used, it is often omitted from the URL, but when explicitly written, it identifies the port number.
2. **IP Address (Option b):** An IP address is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network (e.g., 192.168.1.1). While the domain 'www.example.com' resolves to an IP address via DNS, the number 443 is not an IP address.
3. **File Size (Option c):** File size refers to the amount of data a file occupies on a disk (e.g., 10 KB). This information is not part of the URL structure.
4. **Security Certificate ID (Option d):** While HTTPS uses SSL/TLS certificates for security, the certificate ID is a complex string of characters contained within the certificate itself, not a simple integer placed in the URL path.
Which of the following best describes the difference between relative, absolute, and mixed references in Excel?
A)
Relative references remain fixed, absolute change with copying
B)
Absolute references change with copying, relative stay constant
C)
Relative adjust automatically, absolute remain fixed, mixed lock either row or column
D)
Mixed and relative are identical
In Microsoft Excel, cell references determine how a formula behaves when it is copied or filled into other cells:
1. **Relative References**: These are the default references (e.g., A1). When a formula with a relative reference is copied to another cell, the reference changes based on the relative position of rows and columns. For example, if =A1 is copied one cell down, it becomes =A2.
2. **Absolute References**: These are locked references denoted by dollar signs (e.g., $A$1). No matter where the formula is copied, the reference always points to the exact same cell. The dollar sign before the column (A) and the row (1) prevents any movement.
3. **Mixed References**: These lock only one part of the reference—either the row or the column (e.g., $A1 or A$1). In $A1, the column is fixed but the row changes; in A$1, the row is fixed but the column changes.
Evaluating the options:
- Option (a) is incorrect because it swaps the definitions of relative and absolute.
- Option (b) is incorrect because it also swaps the definitions.
- Option (d) is incorrect because mixed and relative references behave very differently.
- Option (c) accurately describes all three types of references.
If a presentation is exported as a .ppsx file, it will:
A)
Open in edit mode
B)
Not play animations
C)
Open only in read-only view
D)
Open directly in Slide show mode
In Microsoft PowerPoint, the file extension .pptx is used for standard presentation files, which open in the 'Edit' or 'Normal' view by default. However, the .ppsx extension stands for 'PowerPoint Show'. When a file is saved or exported as a .ppsx file, it is configured to bypass the editing interface and launch immediately into the full-screen Slide Show mode upon being opened.
Analysis of options:
- Option (a) is incorrect because .pptx files open in edit mode, not .ppsx files.
- Option (b) is incorrect because .ppsx files preserve all animations and transitions; they simply change how the file is launched.
- Option (c) is incorrect because 'read-only' is a permission setting, whereas .ppsx is a display mode. While you cannot easily edit a .ppsx file by double-clicking it, it is not technically a 'read-only' file (it can still be opened and edited if launched from within PowerPoint).
- Option (d) is correct as it describes the primary purpose of the PowerPoint Show (.ppsx) format.
Which of the following is the fastest memory unit in a computer system?
A)
Registers
B)
SSD
C)
Cache
D)
RAM
In a computer system, memory is organized in a hierarchy based on speed, cost, and capacity.
1. **Registers (Option a):** These are small, high-speed storage locations located directly inside the CPU. Because they are integrated into the processor's logic, they operate at the same speed as the CPU, making them the fastest memory unit in the system.
2. **Cache (Option c):** Cache memory (L1, L2, L3) is also very fast and located on or near the CPU chip, but it is slower than registers because it is larger and requires more complex addressing.
3. **RAM (Option d):** Random Access Memory is the main system memory. It is significantly slower than both registers and cache because it is located further from the CPU and communicates via the system bus.
4. **SSD (Option b):** Solid State Drives are secondary storage. While much faster than traditional Hard Disk Drives (HDDs), they are orders of magnitude slower than RAM, cache, and registers because they store data non-volatily on flash memory chips.
Therefore, the order of speed from fastest to slowest is: Registers > Cache > RAM > SSD.
In Excel, which feature lets you restrict editing in specific cells while allowing changes in others?
A)
Freeze Sheet
B)
Protect Sheet
C)
Data Validation
D)
Lock Panes
In Microsoft Excel, the 'Protect Sheet' feature is used to prevent unauthorized changes to the contents of a worksheet. By default, all cells in an Excel sheet are marked as 'Locked'. However, this locking mechanism only takes effect once the 'Protect Sheet' command is activated. To allow changes in specific cells while restricting others, a user must first select the cells they want to remain editable, go to Format Cells > Protection, and uncheck the 'Locked' box. After this, applying 'Protect Sheet' (found under the Review tab) will lock all cells except those that were explicitly unlocked.
Why other options are incorrect:
- a. Freeze Sheet: This is not a standard Excel term. 'Freeze Panes' exists, but it relates to visibility, not editing restrictions.
- c. Data Validation: This feature restricts the *type* of data or values that can be entered into a cell (e.g., only numbers between 1 and 10), but it does not prevent a user from editing the cell entirely.
- d. Lock Panes: This is a misnomer for 'Freeze Panes', which keeps specific rows or columns visible while scrolling through the rest of the sheet; it has no impact on editing permissions.
A set of rules followed by each computer on a network for communication is called:
A)
Web
B)
HTTP
C)
Domain
D)
Protocol
In computer networking, a 'Protocol' is defined as a formal set of rules and conventions that govern how data is exchanged between devices on a network. Without these rules, computers would not be able to interpret the electrical or optical signals sent by another device.
Why other options are incorrect:
- a. Web (World Wide Web): This is an information system where documents and other web resources are identified by URLs and interlinked by hypertext; it is a service that runs ON TOP of networks, not the set of rules itself.
- b. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): While HTTP is indeed a protocol, it is a SPECIFIC protocol used for transferring web pages. The question asks for the general term for 'a set of rules,' making 'Protocol' the correct categorical answer.
- c. Domain: A domain is a distinct subset of the internet with a common set of rules or a human-readable address (like google.com) used to identify a website, not a set of communication rules.
In networking, the primary function of a MAC address is:
A)
To uniquely identify a device on a local network
B)
To encrypt transmitted data
C)
To locate websites on the Internet
D)
To translate domain names into IP addresses
Step-by-step reasoning:
1. **Definition of MAC Address**: A Media Access Control (MAC) address is a unique hardware identifier assigned to a Network Interface Controller (NIC) by the manufacturer. It operates at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model.
2. **Functionality**: In a local area network (LAN), switches and network cards use MAC addresses to deliver data packets to the correct physical device. While IP addresses are used for routing across different networks (Layer 3), MAC addresses are used for delivery within the same local segment.
3. **Evaluating Options**:
- **Option (a)** is correct because the MAC address serves as a permanent, unique physical identity for a device on a local network.
- **Option (b)** is incorrect because encryption is handled by protocols like SSL/TLS or IPsec, not by the hardware address.
- **Option (c)** is incorrect because locating websites on the Internet is the function of IP addresses and routing protocols.
- **Option (d)** is incorrect because translating domain names into IP addresses is the specific function of the Domain Name System (DNS).
Which of these is the primary application of VoIP?
A)
Encrypting document
B)
Faster file transfer
C)
Making calls over internet
D)
Offline access to notes
VoIP stands for 'Voice over Internet Protocol'. It is a technology that allows you to make voice calls using a broadband Internet connection instead of a traditional (analog) phone line. It works by converting analog audio signals into digital data packets that can be transmitted over the internet.
Analysis of options:
- Option (a) Encrypting documents: This is the role of encryption software or security protocols (like AES), not VoIP.
- Option (b) Faster file transfer: This is handled by protocols like FTP (File Transfer Protocol) or SFTP, not VoIP.
- Option (c) Making calls over internet: This is the exact definition and primary purpose of VoIP (e.g., WhatsApp calls, Skype, Zoom).
- Option (d) Offline access to notes: This is a feature of local storage or note-taking applications, unrelated to network protocols like VoIP.
Which type of software acts as a mediator between hardware and user applications?
A)
Utility Software
B)
Firmware
C)
Middleware
D)
Operating System
An Operating System (OS) is a system software that manages computer hardware and software resources. It acts as an intermediary or mediator between the computer hardware and the user applications. Without an OS, every application would need to include its own code to communicate directly with the hardware (like the CPU, RAM, and Disk), which would be inefficient and complex. The OS provides a set of APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) that allow software to request hardware resources in a standardized way.
Why other options are incorrect:
- a. Utility Software: These are programs designed to help analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a computer (e.g., antivirus, disk defragmenters). They run on top of the OS, not as a mediator between hardware and apps.
- b. Firmware: This is software programmed into a hardware device (like the BIOS/UEFI). While it provides low-level control, it does not act as the general mediator for high-level user applications.
- c. Middleware: This is software that lies between two different applications or services to enable communication (e.g., connecting a database to a web server). It mediates between software components, not between hardware and software.
Which GUI element allows multiple applications to run simultaneously by sharing system resources?
A)
Multithreading
B)
Multitasking
C)
Multiprocessing
D)
Multiuser
Step-by-step reasoning:
1. Analysis of the requirement: The question asks for the mechanism that allows multiple applications (processes) to run simultaneously by sharing system resources.
2. Evaluating 'Multitasking': Multitasking is the ability of an operating system to execute more than one task (app) seemingly at the same time. It achieves this by switching the CPU rapidly between tasks (time-sharing), allowing the user to interact with multiple GUI applications simultaneously.
3. Evaluating 'Multithreading': This refers to the ability of a single application (process) to be divided into smaller units called threads that can run concurrently. It is a subset of a process, not the mechanism for running multiple separate applications.
4. Evaluating 'Multiprocessing': This refers to the use of two or more Central Processing Units (CPUs) within a single computer system to execute instructions. While it enhances multitasking, multitasking can occur on a single-core processor via time-slicing.
5. Evaluating 'Multiuser': This is a property of an OS that allows multiple users to access the system at the same time (e.g., Linux servers), which is different from the execution of multiple applications by a single user.
Conclusion: Multitasking is the correct term for the simultaneous execution of multiple applications.
Which of the following is the correct order of the OSI model layers (bottom to top)?
A)
Application, Transport, Session, Network, Data Link, Physical, Presentation
B)
Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application
C)
Physical, Data Link, Network, Session, Transport, Presentation, Application
D)
Transport, Network, Session, Physical, Data Link, Application, Presentation
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework used to understand network communications. It consists of seven layers. When ordered from bottom (Layer 1) to top (Layer 7), the sequence is:
1. Physical Layer (Bottom): Handles the physical connection between devices (cables, bits).
2. Data Link Layer: Handles node-to-node data transfer and error correction (frames).
3. Network Layer: Handles routing and logical addressing (packets/IP).
4. Transport Layer: Ensures reliable data transfer and flow control (segments/TCP/UDP).
5. Session Layer: Manages sessions between applications.
6. Presentation Layer: Translates, encrypts, and compresses data (syntax).
7. Application Layer (Top): The interface that interacts directly with the end-user software.
Evaluating the options:
- Option (a) is the order from top to bottom, but it incorrectly places Presentation at the end.
- Option (b) correctly lists the layers from Layer 1 (Physical) to Layer 7 (Application).
- Option (c) incorrectly swaps the Session and Transport layers.
- Option (d) is completely out of order.
Which protocol is primarily used to send emails?
A)
FTP
B)
HTTP
C)
POP3
D)
SMTP
The question asks for the protocol primarily used to 'send' emails.
1. **SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)**: This is the standard protocol used for sending emails from a client to a server, or between servers. It acts as the 'push' mechanism to move the mail from the sender to the recipient's mail server.
2. **POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)**: This is used for 'retrieving' or downloading emails from a server to a local client. It is a 'pull' mechanism, not a sending mechanism.
3. **HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)**: This is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web (loading webpages). While web-based email (like Gmail) uses HTTP to display the interface, the underlying transfer of mail between servers still relies on SMTP.
4. **FTP (File Transfer Protocol)**: This is used specifically for the transfer of files between a client and a server on a computer network, not for electronic mail.
Therefore, SMTP is the correct protocol for sending emails.
In MS Excel, the function =IF(AND(A1>50,B1<100), “Pass”,”Fail”) will return “Pass” only if:
A)
A1 is less than 50 and B1 is greater than 100
B)
A1 is greater than 50 and B1 is less than 100
C)
A1 and B1 are both equal to 100
D)
None of the above
The given formula is =IF(AND(A1>50,B1<100), “Pass”,”Fail”).
1. The AND function is a logical operator that returns TRUE only if all its arguments are true. In this case, the two conditions are (A1 > 50) and (B1 < 100).
2. The IF function follows the syntax: =IF(logical_test, value_if_true, value_if_false).
3. Therefore, the formula will return 'Pass' (the value_if_true) only if the AND condition is satisfied.
4. For the AND condition to be true, A1 must be strictly greater than 50 AND B1 must be strictly less than 100.
Evaluating the options:
- Option (a) is the opposite of the required conditions.
- Option (b) matches the logical requirements of the AND function exactly.
- Option (c) is incorrect because if A1=100 and B1=100, the condition B1<100 becomes false, resulting in 'Fail'.
Find the value of 36/5 + 36/5 + 36/5 + 36/5
A)
246
B)
266
C)
146
D)
166
Step-by-step calculation:
1. The expression is 36/5 + 36/5 + 36/5 + 36/5.
2. Since the denominators are the same, we can add the numerators: (36 + 36 + 36 + 36) / 5.
3. This is equivalent to (36 * 4) / 5.
4. 36 * 4 = 144.
5. 144 / 5 = 28.8.
Reviewing the provided options (a. 246, b. 266, c. 146, d. 166), none of them match the mathematically correct result of 28.8. There is a high probability of a typographical error in the question's options or the expression itself (e.g., if the expression was intended to be 36.5 + 36.5 + 36.5 + 36.5, the answer would be 146). However, based strictly on the text provided, the value is 28.8.
There are 25 girls in a row. Hannah was shifted by three places towards her right side and she occupies the middle position in the row. What was her original position from the left end?
A)
15th
B)
16th
C)
12th
D)
10th
1. **Find the middle position:** In a row of 25 girls, the middle position is calculated as `(25 + 1) / 2 = 13th` from either end.
2. **Determine the original position:** Hannah's new position is the 13th position from the left. Since she reached this position after shifting 3 places to her right, her original position must have been 3 places to the left of the 13th position. Thus, her original position was `13 - 3 = 10th` from the left end.
3. **Why other options are incorrect:**
- **15th (a)** and **16th (b)** are to the right of the middle position; shifting further right would move her away from the middle.
- **12th (c)** is incorrect because shifting 3 places to the right from the 12th position would put her in the 15th position, which is not the middle.
Choose the alternative which closely resembles the mirror image of the given combination:
A)
1
B)
2
C)
3
D)
4
In a mirror image, the image undergoes lateral inversion, meaning the left side of the object appears on the right side of the image, and the right side appears on the left side. However, there is no vertical inversion (the top and bottom remain unchanged).
1. **Why Option 'b' (2) is correct:** It correctly reverses the order of the characters from right to left and laterally inverts each individual character according to the standard rules of reflection.
2. **Why other options are incorrect:**
- Option 'a' (1) and Option 'c' (3) are incorrect because they either do not reverse the overall sequence of characters or they contain vertically inverted characters (which is characteristic of water images rather than mirror images).
- Option 'd' (4) is incorrect because it contains one or more characters that are not laterally inverted correctly, or the sequence order is incorrect.
Marcus pays Rs. 1,000 to Toby with Rs. 50, Rs. 20 and Rs. 10 notes. If the total number of notes given is 40 and the number of Rs. 20 notes is 8, find the number of Rs. 50 notes in the payment.
A)
10
B)
18
C)
9
D)
13
Let the number of Rs. 50, Rs. 20, and Rs. 10 notes be $x$, $y$, and $z$ respectively.
From the given information:
1) Total number of notes: $x + y + z = 40$
2) Total value: $50x + 20y + 10z = 1000$
3) Number of Rs. 20 notes ($y$) = 8
Substitute $y = 8$ into the equations:
- From (1): $x + 8 + z = 40 \implies x + z = 32$
- From (2): $50x + 20(8) + 10z = 1000 \implies 50x + 10z = 840 \implies 5x + z = 84$
Now, subtract the first simplified equation from the second:
$(5x + z) - (x + z) = 84 - 32$
$4x = 52$
$x = 13$
Thus, the number of Rs. 50 notes is 13. Options a (10), b (18), and c (9) are incorrect because they do not satisfy the system of equations.
What was the day on 30th June, 1986?
A)
Friday
B)
Tuesday
C)
Sunday
D)
Monday
To find the day of the week for 30th June 1986, we can use the standard calendar formula: Day = (Date + Month Code + Year Code + Leap Year Code + Century Code) mod 7.
1. **Date**: 30
2. **Month Code (June)**: For a non-leap year, the code for June is 4 (using the standard 033 614 625 035 system or similar). Let's use the common method:
- Jan: 0, Feb: 3, Mar: 3, Apr: 6, May: 1, Jun: 4, Jul: 6, Aug: 2, Sep: 5, Oct: 0, Nov: 3, Dec: 5.
- June code = 4.
3. **Year Code**: Take the last two digits of the year: 86.
4. **Leap Year Code**: Divide the last two digits by 4 (ignore remainder): 86 / 4 = 21.
5. **Century Code**: For the 1900s (1900-1999), the code is 0.
Calculation:
Total = 30 (Date) + 4 (Month) + 86 (Year) + 21 (Leap Year) + 0 (Century)
Total = 141
Now, find the remainder when divided by 7:
141 ÷ 7 = 20 with a remainder of 1.
According to the day mapping (where 0 = Sunday, 1 = Monday, 2 = Tuesday, etc.):
Remainder 1 = Monday.
Verification: 30th June 1986 was indeed a Monday.
A speed of 20 m/sec is equal to :
A)
36 km/h
B)
45 km/h
C)
72 km/h
D)
84 km/h
To convert speed from meters per second (m/s) to kilometers per hour (km/h), we use the following conversion factors:
1. 1 kilometer (km) = 1,000 meters (m)
2. 1 hour (h) = 3,600 seconds (60 minutes × 60 seconds)
Step-by-step calculation:
Speed = 20 m/s
To convert meters to kilometers, divide by 1,000: (20 / 1,000) km/s
To convert seconds to hours, multiply by 3,600: (20 / 1,000) × 3,600 km/h
Calculation:
20 × (3,600 / 1,000) = 20 × 3.6 = 72 km/h.
Shortcut Method:
To convert m/s to km/h, simply multiply the value by 18/5.
20 × (18/5) = 4 × 18 = 72 km/h.
Comparing with options:
a. 36 km/h (Incorrect: result of 10 m/s)
b. 45 km/h (Incorrect: result of 12.5 m/s)
c. 72 km/h (Correct)
d. 84 km/h (Incorrect: result of 23.33 m/s)
In a school, 60% students play cricket. A student who does not play cricket, plays football. Every football player has got a two- wheeler. Which of the following conclusions cannot be drawn from the above data? i. 60% of the students do not have two- wheelers. ii. No cricketer has a two-wheeler. iii. Cricket players do not play football.
A)
i and ii only
B)
ii and iii only
C)
i and iii only
D)
i, ii and iii
Let's analyze the given premises step-by-step:
1. **Premise 1:** 60% of students play cricket. This implies 40% of students do not play cricket.
2. **Premise 2:** A student who does not play cricket, plays football. This means all non-cricketers (40%) are football players.
3. **Premise 3:** Every football player has a two-wheeler. This means all 40% who play football definitely have two-wheelers.
Now let's evaluate the conclusions to see if they can be logically drawn (deduced) from the data:
- **Conclusion i: '60% of the students do not have two-wheelers.'**
We know 40% (football players) definitely have two-wheelers. However, the data tells us nothing about the 60% who play cricket. They might have two-wheelers, or they might not. We cannot conclude that they definitely do not have them. Thus, this cannot be drawn.
- **Conclusion ii: 'No cricketer has a two-wheeler.'**
The data states that football players have two-wheelers. It does not state that *only* football players have them. Cricketers could also own two-wheelers. There is no information to support the claim that no cricketer has one. Thus, this cannot be drawn.
- **Conclusion iii: 'Cricket players do not play football.'**
The data says 'A student who does not play cricket, plays football.' This establishes that non-cricketers are football players. It does NOT state that cricketers cannot also play football (they could be dual-sport athletes). Since there is no 'only' or 'exclusive' condition mentioned for football, we cannot conclude that cricketers do not play football. Thus, this cannot be drawn.
Since none of the three conclusions can be logically drawn from the provided data, the correct option is 'i, ii and iii'.
What does the term ‘WIMP’ stand for in GUI terminology?
A)
Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointers
B)
Web, Images, Menus, Programs
C)
Windows, Input, Mouse, Printing
D)
Windows, Interface, Menu, Processor
In the context of Graphical User Interfaces (GUI), 'WIMP' is a classic acronym used to describe the style of interaction that became standard with the rise of personal computing.
1. **Windows**: These are rectangular areas on the screen that isolate different programs or documents, allowing the user to multitask.
2. **Icons**: Small pictorial representations of files, folders, or applications that users can interact with.
3. **Menus**: Lists of commands or options presented to the user, reducing the need to memorize complex text-based commands.
4. **Pointers**: A symbol (usually an arrow) on the screen that moves in response to a pointing device (like a mouse), allowing the user to select and manipulate the other three elements.
Options b, c, and d are incorrect because they include terms like 'Web', 'Input', 'Printing', or 'Processor', which are general computing terms but are not part of the specific WIMP architectural definition of a GUI.