← Combined Technical (NG)
Past Questions — 2025
Write a Precis of the given passage, condensing it to approximately one third of the original length and give a title for the same. Passage: Morality constitutes the invisible framework that upholds the ethical foundation of any society... [full passage provided in text]
Choose the correct type of clause for the underlined words in the sentence: 'You may sit where you like.' (Underlined: where you like)
A)
Noun clause
B)
Adverb clause of place
C)
Adverb clause of manner
D)
Adverb clause of reason
Step-by-step analysis:
1. **Identify the clause**: The underlined part is 'where you like'. It contains a subject ('you') and a verb ('like'), making it a clause.
2. **Determine the function**: The clause modifies the verb 'sit'. It answers the question 'Where may you sit?'.
3. **Classify the clause**: Clauses that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs and answer questions like 'where', 'when', 'how', or 'why' are Adverbial Clauses. Specifically, because this clause indicates the location or place of the action ('sit'), it is an Adverb Clause of Place.
Why other options are incorrect:
- **a. Noun clause**: A noun clause acts as a subject or object (e.g., 'I know where you like to sit'). Here, it doesn't act as a noun but modifies the action of sitting.
- **c. Adverb clause of manner**: These describe 'how' an action is performed (e.g., 'as you like').
- **d. Adverb clause of reason**: These describe 'why' an action is performed, usually starting with 'because', 'since', or 'as'.
Identify the Part of speech of the underlined word in the sentence: 'Jacinta is very clever.' (Underlined word: very)
A)
Noun
B)
Relative pronoun
C)
Adverb
D)
Adjective
Step-by-step analysis: 1. Identify the word being modified: In the sentence 'Jacinta is very clever', the word 'clever' is an adjective describing the noun 'Jacinta'. 2. Identify the function of 'very': The word 'very' is used to intensify the quality of being 'clever'. 3. Apply grammatical rules: A word that modifies an adjective, a verb, or another adverb is classified as an adverb. Specifically, 'very' is an adverb of degree. 4. Evaluate options: (a) Noun: 'Very' does not name a person, place, or thing. (b) Relative pronoun: 'Very' does not relate a clause to a noun. (d) Adjective: While 'clever' is an adjective, 'very' modifies that adjective, making 'very' an adverb.
Choose the most suitable connector to complete the sentence: 'My friend came to my home __________ I was out.'
A)
when
B)
while
C)
after
D)
before
The sentence describes two events: the friend's arrival and the speaker's absence. The most suitable connector here is 'when', which is used to indicate a specific point in time or a situation that existed at the moment another event occurred. 'My friend came to my home when I was out' means that at the time of the friend's arrival, the speaker was not at home.
Analysis of other options:
- 'while' (b) is typically used for two continuous actions happening simultaneously (e.g., 'I was reading while he was sleeping'). Being 'out' is a state, but 'came' is a punctual action, making 'when' more natural.
- 'after' (c) would imply the friend arrived only after the speaker had already left, which is grammatically possible but less common in this specific phrasing unless a sequence of events is being emphasized.
- 'before' (d) would imply the friend arrived before the speaker left, which contradicts the logical implication of the sentence (usually, such a sentence is used to explain why the speaker didn't meet the friend).
Choose the appropriate preposition: 'Meena is very sparing __________ expenditure.'
A)
at
B)
on
C)
of
D)
over
The word 'sparing' in this context is an adjective meaning 'frugal' or 'economical'. In English grammar, when 'sparing' is used to describe someone who is cautious or economical with a particular resource, it is conventionally followed by the preposition 'of'. Therefore, the phrase 'sparing of expenditure' means Meena is very careful not to spend too much money.
Analysis of other options:
- 'at' is typically used for skills or locations (e.g., 'adept at').
- 'on' is used for topics or surfaces, and while one can 'spend money on' something, the adjective 'sparing' does not pair with 'on'.
- 'over' usually denotes position or control, which does not fit the idiomatic usage of 'sparing'.
A visual which contains graphically certain process, like the life cycle of pests and pest control techniques is:
A)
Bulletin board
B)
Handouts
C)
Wall chart
D)
Mobile units
Option C is correct: Wall chart.
________ is the locus of points of different isoquants at which MRS of factors is constant.
A)
Iso-cost line
B)
PPC
C)
Expansion path
D)
Isoclines
Option D is correct: Isoclines.
The study of individual organisms in relation to their environment is called:
A)
Synecology
B)
Autecology
C)
Habitat ecology
D)
Ecosystem ecology
The study of ecology is broadly divided into two main branches based on the level of biological organization being studied:
1. **Autecology (Option b):** Derived from the Greek word 'autos' (self), it is the study of a single species or an individual organism in relation to its environment. It focuses on the adaptations, behavior, and life history of a specific organism to survive in its habitat.
2. **Synecology (Option a):** Derived from the Greek word 'syn' (together), it is the study of groups of organisms (communities) and their interactions with each other and their shared environment. It deals with the ecology of populations and communities.
3. **Habitat ecology (Option c):** While 'habitat' refers to the physical place where an organism lives, it is not a formal academic term for the study of individual organisms; rather, it is a component of both autecology and synecology.
4. **Ecosystem ecology (Option d):** This is a broader study that examines the flow of energy and the cycling of matter between biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components of an entire ecosystem.
Therefore, the study of individual organisms in relation to their environment is specifically termed Autecology.
In an ecotone, the species which become abundant are called:
A)
Edge species
B)
Keystone species
C)
Endemic species
D)
Foster species
Option A is correct: Edge species.
The food chain in which micro-organisms breakdown dead producers is called:
A)
Consumer food chain
B)
Predator food chain
C)
Parasitic food chain
D)
Detritus food chain
Step-by-step reasoning:
1. **Definition of Detritus Food Chain (DFC):** A detritus food chain is a type of food chain that begins with dead organic matter (detritus), such as fallen leaves, dead animals, and decaying plant material. Micro-organisms (bacteria and fungi) and detritivores (like earthworms) break down this organic matter, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem.
2. **Analyzing the Question:** The question specifically mentions the breakdown of 'dead producers' by 'micro-organisms'. This perfectly describes the starting point and process of a Detritus Food Chain.
3. **Evaluating Other Options:**
- **a. Consumer food chain:** This is a general term and not a specific ecological classification for decomposition.
- **b. Predator food chain (Grazing Food Chain):** This chain begins with living primary producers (green plants) and moves up to herbivores and then carnivores. It does not start with dead matter.
- **c. Parasitic food chain:** This chain starts with a host and moves to a parasite (and potentially a hyper-parasite). It is characterized by a smaller organism feeding on a larger one, not the breakdown of dead matter.
Therefore, the correct answer is the Detritus food chain.
The main source of acid rain is:
A)
Sulphur dioxide
B)
Nitrogen
C)
Carbon dioxide
D)
Carbon monoxide
Option A is correct: Sulphur dioxide.
Which model of communication is called the ‘Mathematical Theory’?
A)
Shannon and Weaver
B)
Berlo
C)
Schramm
D)
Leagans
Option A is correct: Shannon and Weaver.
The inanimate source of power utilized for doing agricultural operation is:
A)
Anima power
B)
Human power
C)
Machine power
D)
Wind power
Option C is correct: Machine power.
The efficacy of HACCP system relies on:
A)
Management
B)
Employee
C)
Management and employee
D)
Lead auditor
Option C is correct: Management and employee.
The additional cost associated with the use of an additional unit of input is:
A)
Marginal product cost
B)
Marginal revenue
C)
Average cost
D)
Marginal factor cost
In agricultural and production economics, the term 'Marginal' refers to the change resulting from one additional unit of input or output.
1. **Marginal Factor Cost (MFC)**: This is defined as the additional cost incurred by a producer when one additional unit of a variable input (factor of production, such as fertilizer or labor) is employed. It is the cost of the last unit of input added.
2. **Why other options are incorrect:**
- **Marginal product cost**: This is not a standard economic term. 'Marginal Product' refers to the additional output produced by an additional unit of input, not the cost.
- **Marginal revenue**: This refers to the additional income generated by selling one additional unit of the final output (product), not the cost of an input.
- **Average cost**: This is the total cost divided by the total number of units produced or inputs used; it represents the mean cost per unit, not the cost of the 'additional' unit.
Bulk density of food grains is defined as:
A)
Mass per unit volume including pores
B)
Mass per unit volume excluding pores
C)
Weight of 1000 kernels
D)
Porosity
Option A is correct: Mass per unit volume including pores.
The difference between the price paid and received by a specific marketing agency is:
A)
Price spread
B)
Market margin
C)
Marketing cost
D)
Consumer surplus
Option B is correct: Market margin.
The economic principle of ________ solves the problem of ‘how to produce’.
A)
equi-marginal returns
B)
factor substitution
C)
product substitution
D)
returns to scale
Option B is correct: factor substitution.
APEDA replaced:
A)
FPO
B)
FSSAI
C)
PFEPC
D)
FAA
Option C is correct: PFEPC.
The most harmful ultraviolet radiations are:
A)
UV-C
B)
UV-B
C)
UV-A
D)
All of the above
Option A is correct: UV-C.
Dairy farming, poultry farming, crop farming and pig farming are:
A)
Systems of farming
B)
Types of farming
C)
Both (a) and (b)
D)
None of the above
In agricultural science and farm management, 'Types of Farming' refers to the specific category or branch of agriculture based on the product being produced (e.g., dairy, poultry, piggery, or crop farming). These are classifications based on the enterprise. In contrast, 'Systems of Farming' refers to the organizational method or the structural approach used to manage the farm, such as Mixed Farming (combining crops and livestock), Intensive Farming, Extensive Farming, or Organic Farming. Since dairy, poultry, crop, and pig farming are specific enterprises/categories of production, they are classified as types of farming.
Which storage method is commonly used to prevent rancidity in stored oils?
A)
Freezing
B)
Dry storage
C)
Refrigeration
D)
Hot storage
Option C is correct: Refrigeration.
Who introduced the term Hot-spots as biodiversity?
A)
Charles Christopher Adam
B)
Norman Myers
C)
Aziz Absaber
D)
Warder Clyde Allee
Option B is correct: Norman Myers.
How many bio-geographical zones are in India?
A)
10
B)
20
C)
25
D)
35
Option A is correct: 10.
HACCP defined as codex.
A)
Identifies and evaluates the hazards
B)
Identifies and controls hazards
C)
Identifies, evaluates and controls hazards
D)
Identifies and controls hazards after verification
Option C is correct: Identifies, evaluates and controls hazards.