Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Recipient serum is mixed with donor’s red cells in which type of cross matching:
A)
Major crossmatching
B)
Minor crossmatching
C)
Indirect cross matching
D)
Both b and c
Option A is correct: Major crossmatching.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
The special stain used for demonstration of amyloid is:
A)
Congo red
B)
Toloidine blue
C)
Crystal violet
D)
Von Kossa
Option A is correct: Congo red.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
How does foetal haemoglobin differ from adult haemoglobin?
A)
HbF has a lower affinity for oxygen than HbA
B)
HbF has a higher affinity for oxygen than HbA
C)
HbF is composed of two alpha and two beta globin chains
D)
HbF production is crucial for adult life
Foetal haemoglobin (HbF) binds oxygen more strongly than adult haemoglobin (HbA), which helps the fetus extract oxygen from maternal blood across the placenta. HbF is actually made of two alpha and two gamma chains (α2γ2), not beta chains. Therefore, option (b) is correct. Option (a) is the opposite of the truth, option (c) describes HbA, and option (d) is incorrect because HbF is mainly important during fetal life, not adult life.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Antigen typing on red cells should not be performed if patients had previous transfusion within the past:
A)
1 month
B)
2 month
C)
3 month
D)
6 month
Red cell antigen typing can be unreliable after a recent transfusion because donor red cells may be circulating in the patient’s blood. In immunohematology, typing should not be performed if the patient has had a transfusion within the past 3 months. This corresponds to option (c). The other options are incorrect because 1 month and 2 months are too short, and 6 months is longer than the standard period used for this precaution.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Which acid is commonly used as a strong decalcifying agent?
A)
EDTA
B)
Formic acid
C)
Nitric acid
D)
Acetic acid
In histopathology, strong decalcifying agents are strong acids. Nitric acid is a commonly used strong decalcifying acid. EDTA is a chelating agent and works more gently, formic acid is a weak organic acid used for slower decalcification, and acetic acid is not commonly used as a strong decalcifying agent.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
When a cell adapts by changing from one cell type to another, this is called:
A)
Dysplasia
B)
Metaplasia
C)
Neoplasia
D)
Anaplasia
When one mature cell type is replaced by another mature cell type as an adaptive response to stress, it is called metaplasia. Dysplasia means disordered growth and abnormal maturation, neoplasia means new uncontrolled growth (tumor formation), and anaplasia refers to loss of differentiation seen in malignant tumors.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Caseating necrosis, a type of necrosis characterized by a cheese-like appearance, is strongly associated with granulomas caused by which type of pathogen?
A)
Fungi
B)
Viruses
C)
Mycobacteria
D)
Parasites
Option C is correct: Mycobacteria.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Koilonychia (spoon-shaped nails) is a physical sign associated with severe, long-standing:
A)
Vitamin B12 deficiency
B)
Anemia of chronic disease
C)
Iron deficiency anemia
D)
Hemolytic anemia
Option C is correct: Iron deficiency anemia.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
What is the standard concentration of formaldehyde in 10 % formalin?
A)
1 %
B)
10 %
C)
40 %
D)
4 %
10% formalin is a solution made by diluting commercial formaldehyde (which is usually about 37–40%) to one-tenth strength. Therefore, the actual formaldehyde content in 10% formalin is about 4%. Option (a) is too low, while (b) and (c) refer to formalin/formaldehyde concentrations incorrectly.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
What is the important principle and use of frozen section in histopatholgy?
A)
To quickly preserve tissue in the natural state
B)
To quickly obtain sections for diagnosis without processing in paraffin
C)
To enhance staining
D)
To remove formalin pigments
Option B is correct: To quickly obtain sections for diagnosis without processing in paraffin.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
What is the normal range of reticulocytes in adults?
A)
2%-4%
B)
0.2%-2.5%
C)
0.5%-2.5%
D)
1%-2.5%
Option C is correct: 0.5%-2.5%.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
For electron microscopy what is a common embedding medium used instead of a paraffin wax?
A)
Gelatin
B)
Agar
C)
Paraffin
D)
Resin
For electron microscopy, tissues need an embedding medium that can support very thin sectioning and preserve ultrastructural detail. **Resins** (such as epoxy resins) are commonly used because they harden well and allow ultrathin sections. **Paraffin wax** is used for light microscopy, not electron microscopy. Gelatin and agar are not standard embedding media for EM.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
What is a “floater” in histopathology grossing?
A)
An improperly grossed specimen
B)
A specimen that is too large
C)
Extraneous tissue fragments on a slide from another specimen
D)
An unfixed specimen
Option C is correct: Extraneous tissue fragments on a slide from another specimen.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Histopathology slide should be stored for future references for atleast up to:
A)
1 years
B)
5 years
C)
10 years
D)
3 months
Histopathology slides are generally retained for long-term future reference, medico-legal purposes, and review. The standard minimum retention period asked in lab examinations is 5 years. Options like 3 months are far too short, and 1 year is usually inadequate for histopathology records.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Blood containing neither antigens A nor B is which of the following groups?
A)
AB
B)
O
C)
B
D)
A
Option B is correct: O.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Elastic tissue and collagen are distinguished with the help of:
A)
H&E stain
B)
Periodic acid Schiff stain
C)
Van Gieson stain
D)
Giemsa stain
Option C is correct: Van Gieson stain.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Which step in tissue processing involves replacing alcohol with a medium that can be infiltrated by paraffin wax?
A)
Clearing
B)
Dehydration
C)
Infiltration
D)
Fixation
In tissue processing, after dehydration removes water with alcohol, the next step is clearing, where alcohol is replaced by a clearing agent (such as xylene) that is miscible with paraffin wax. This prepares the tissue for wax infiltration.
- Dehydration removes water.
- Fixation preserves tissue structure.
- Infiltration is the actual filling of tissue with paraffin wax after clearing.
So the step that replaces alcohol with a medium infiltrated by paraffin wax is clearing.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Which type of leucocyte is increased in parasitic infections?
A)
Neutrophil
B)
Lymphocyte
C)
Eosinophil
D)
Lymphocyte
Option C is correct: Eosinophil.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
B-Lymphocytes can turn into
A)
Mast cells
B)
Dendritic cells
C)
Thrombocytes
D)
Plasma cells
Option D is correct: Plasma cells.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
May Grunwald Giemsa (MGG) stain is a type of:
A)
Supravital stain
B)
Acid-fast stain
C)
Vital stain
D)
Romanowsky stain
Option D is correct: Romanowsky stain.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Serum differs from blood as it lacks:
A)
Antibodies
B)
Albumin
C)
Globulin
D)
Clotting factors
Option D is correct: Clotting factors.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Which tube is ideally collected first for CSF analysis?
A)
For microbiological examination
B)
For cell count
C)
For chemical and serological tests
D)
For all test
In CSF collection, the first tube is ideally sent for microbiological examination because it is the least likely to be contaminated by skin flora introduced during lumbar puncture. The later tubes are generally used for cell count and then chemical/serological tests. So the first tube is for microbiology, making option (a) correct.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Which type of T-cell is distinguished by the presence of a CD4 receptor?
A)
Cytotoxic cells
B)
Helper T-cells
C)
Suppressor T-cells
D)
Regulatory T-cells
CD4 is the marker characteristic of Helper T-cells (also called Th cells). These cells recognize antigen presented on MHC class II molecules and help activate B-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, and macrophages. Cytotoxic T-cells are typically CD8+, while suppressor/regulatory T-cells are not identified simply by CD4 alone in this basic classification.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
ESR will show low value in which condition?
A)
Anaemia
B)
Polycythemia
C)
Tuberculosis
D)
Rheumatoid arthritis
ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) becomes low when the number of red blood cells is increased, as in polycythemia. More RBCs make the blood more viscous and reduce the rate of settling. In contrast, anaemia usually raises ESR, and inflammatory conditions like tuberculosis and rheumatoid arthritis also increase ESR.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
EDTA typically preserves cellular morphology for:
A)
4-8 hours
B)
8-12 hours
C)
12-24 hours
D)
3-4 days
Option C is correct: 12-24 hours.
