← Combined Technical (NG)
Past Questions
Following are the side effects of thiazides except:
A)
Hypokalemia
B)
Hypocalcemia
C)
Hypotension
D)
Hyperglysemia
Thiazide diuretics commonly cause hypokalemia, hypotension, and hyperglycemia. They also tend to increase calcium reabsorption in the kidney, so they usually cause hypercalcemia, not hypocalcemia. Therefore, the exception is hypocalcemia.
What is the main cause of Minamata disease?
A)
Mercury poisoning
B)
Lead poisoning
C)
Arsenic poisoning
D)
Cadmium poisoning
Minamata disease is caused by methylmercury poisoning, usually from consumption of fish and shellfish contaminated by industrial mercury discharge. Therefore, the correct answer is Mercury poisoning. Lead, arsenic, and cadmium poisoning cause different toxic effects, not Minamata disease.
The hallmark ECG feature in acute myocardial infarction is:
A)
Appearance of q waves in leads in which it is normally absent
B)
Inversion of T waves in the precordial leads
C)
Elevation or depression of ST segment in two or more contiguous leads
D)
Widening of QRS complex.
The hallmark ECG change in acute myocardial infarction is ST-segment elevation or depression in contiguous leads, reflecting acute myocardial injury/ischemia. Q waves may appear later and indicate infarction, not the earliest hallmark. T-wave inversion is also seen in ischemia but is less specific. Widening of the QRS complex is not a classic hallmark of acute MI.
The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is used to:
A)
Measure osmolarity
B)
Calculate pH of buffer solutions
C)
Measure enzyme activity
D)
Determine ion concentration directly
The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation relates the pH of a buffer to the ratio of the conjugate base and acid concentrations. It is commonly used to calculate or estimate the pH of buffer solutions. It does not measure osmolarity, enzyme activity, or determine ion concentration directly.
Which carbohydrate is classified as a disaccharide?
A)
Fructose
B)
Galactose
C)
Ribose
D)
Maltose
A disaccharide is a carbohydrate made of two monosaccharide units. Maltose is a disaccharide (glucose + glucose). Fructose, galactose, and ribose are all monosaccharides, so they are not disaccharides.
Which one of the following statements regarding AKI ( Acute Kidney Injury ) is false?
A)
Increase in serum creatinine >0.3gm/dl within 48 hours
B)
Increase in serum creatinine to >1.5 times the presumed baseline value within prior 7 days
C)
Decrease in urine output to <0.5ml/Kg/hour for 6 hours
D)
Protein-creatinine ratio >3.5
This is false for AKI. Acute Kidney Injury is diagnosed by criteria such as: (1) rise in serum creatinine by >0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours, (2) rise in serum creatinine to >1.5 times baseline within the prior 7 days, or (3) urine output <0.5 mL/kg/hour for 6 hours. A protein-creatinine ratio >3.5 is a criterion used for nephrotic syndrome (proteinuria), not AKI.
What is the goal of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV management?
A)
To cure HIV infection
B)
To suppress viral replication
C)
To boost CD4+ T cell count
D)
To prevent opportunistic infections
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) works by inhibiting HIV replication in the body, thereby lowering the viral load. This helps preserve immune function and improves long-term outcomes. Option (c) is a result of successful ART, not the primary goal. Option (d) is also an indirect benefit, while (a) is incorrect because ART does not cure HIV infection.
Normal reference range of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is:
A)
7-20
B)
5-15
C)
8-10
D)
15-30
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is normally about 7–20 mg/dL in adults. This is the standard reference range used in clinical biochemistry. Option (b) is too low, while (c) and (d) do not match the usual normal range.
Erythropoietin is primarily secreted by:
A)
Mesangial cells
B)
Interstitial fibroblasts
C)
JC cells
D)
Podocytes
Erythropoietin (EPO) is produced mainly by the kidney’s peritubular interstitial fibroblasts in response to hypoxia. These cells act as the primary oxygen-sensing cells and stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow. Mesangial cells and podocytes are structural cells of the glomerulus, not the main source of EPO. JC cells (juxtaglomerular cells) secrete renin, not erythropoietin.
The Antidote for Heparin overdose is:
A)
Vitamin K
B)
Protamin sulfate
C)
Aspirin
D)
Warfarin
Heparin overdose is reversed by protamine sulfate, which binds to heparin and neutralizes its anticoagulant effect. Vitamin K is the antidote for warfarin, not heparin. Aspirin is an antiplatelet drug, not an antidote. Warfarin is another anticoagulant, so it cannot reverse heparin.
All are phosphate binders except:
A)
Sevelamer
B)
Lanthanum carbonate
C)
Calcium acetate
D)
Sodium bicarbonate
Phosphate binders are drugs used to reduce intestinal phosphate absorption, especially in chronic kidney disease. Sevelamer, lanthanum carbonate, and calcium acetate are all phosphate binders. Sodium bicarbonate is an alkalinizing agent used to treat metabolic acidosis, not a phosphate binder.
All of the following are muscles of upper limb, EXCEPT:
A)
Deltoid
B)
Trapezius
C)
Biceps
D)
Extensor carpi radialis
Deltoid, biceps brachii, and extensor carpi radialis are all muscles of the upper limb. Trapezius is a superficial muscle of the back that acts on the shoulder girdle, but it is not classified as a muscle of the upper limb itself.
All of the following statements are correct about potassium balance except:
A)
Three quarters of total body potassium is found in skeletal muscles
B)
Most of potassium is intracellular
C)
Acidosis leads to movement of potassium from extracellular to intracellular fluid compartment
D)
Intracellular potassium is released into extracellular space in response to sever injury
Potassium is mainly an intracellular ion, and about three-fourths of total body potassium is present in skeletal muscles. In severe injury, damaged cells can release intracellular potassium into the extracellular fluid. However, in acidosis, potassium generally shifts from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid, not the other way around. Therefore, option (c) is the incorrect statement.
Renal Cortex is supplied by:
A)
Arcuate artery
B)
Interlobar artery
C)
Afferent artery
D)
Interlobular artery
The renal cortex is mainly supplied by the interlobular (cortical radiate) arteries, which arise from the arcuate arteries and give off afferent arterioles to the glomeruli. Interlobar arteries run between the renal pyramids, and arcuate arteries arch along the corticomedullary junction; neither directly supplies the cortex. The afferent arteriole is a branch of the interlobular artery, not the main named supply of the cortex.
Mean arterial pressure is :
A)
SBP + 1/3 pulse pressure
B)
SBP + (DBP)/2
C)
DBP + 1/3 pulse pressure
D)
DBP + (SBP)/2
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the average arterial pressure during one cardiac cycle. It is commonly approximated as DBP + 1/3 of pulse pressure, because the heart spends more time in diastole than systole. Pulse pressure = SBP - DBP. So the correct formula is DBP + 1/3 pulse pressure. The other options are incorrect because MAP is not calculated by adding a fraction of SBP directly in these ways.
‘Hamstring muscles’ include all, EXCEPT:
A)
Biceps femoris
B)
Vastus medialis
C)
Semitendinosus
D)
Semimembranosus
Hamstring muscles are the posterior thigh muscles and classically include biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. Vastus medialis is part of the quadriceps femoris group in the anterior thigh, not the hamstrings. Therefore, it is the exception.
Which muscle is found only on the heart wall?
A)
Cardiac
B)
Smooth
C)
Skeletal
D)
None of the above
The muscle found only in the heart wall is cardiac muscle. It is a specialized involuntary, striated muscle that contracts rhythmically to pump blood. Smooth muscle is found in organs like the intestines and blood vessels, while skeletal muscle is attached to bones and controls voluntary movement. Therefore, the correct answer is Cardiac.
Glossitis and cheilitis is seen with deficiency of:
A)
Vit D
B)
Vit E
C)
Vit B2
D)
Vit K
Glossitis (inflammation of the tongue) and cheilitis/angular stomatitis (inflammation/cracking of the lips and corners of the mouth) are classic features of riboflavin deficiency, i.e., vitamin B2 deficiency. Vitamin D is mainly linked with rickets/osteomalacia, vitamin E with neurological and hemolytic issues, and vitamin K with bleeding tendency.
The heart lies specifically in which space:
A)
Thoracic Cavity
B)
Pleural Cavity
C)
Abdominal Cavity
D)
Sub-phrenic space
The heart is located in the thoracic cavity, more specifically in the mediastinum between the two pleural cavities. The pleural cavity contains the lungs, the abdominal cavity contains digestive organs, and the sub-phrenic space lies below the diaphragm, so those are incorrect.
What type of cellular adaptation occurs in response to increased workload?
A)
Hyperplasia
B)
Hypertrophy
C)
Metaplasia
D)
Atrophy
Increased workload causes cells to increase in size to meet the greater functional demand. This adaptation is called hypertrophy. Hyperplasia means an increase in cell number, metaplasia is one mature cell type changing into another, and atrophy is a decrease in cell size and/or number due to reduced demand or injury.
Which of the following is a strategy to reduce antibiotic resistance in UTIs?
A)
Prescribing broad-spectrum antibiotics
B)
Using antibiotics for extended periods
C)
Targeted antibiotic therapy based on culture results
D)
Both (a) and (b)
Antibiotic resistance in UTIs is reduced by using culture and sensitivity results to choose the narrowest effective antibiotic. This is called targeted therapy or de-escalation. It avoids unnecessary exposure to broad-spectrum drugs and lowers selection pressure for resistant organisms. Options (a) and (b) are incorrect because broad-spectrum antibiotics and prolonged use both promote resistance. Therefore, the correct answer is (c).
NSAIDs can cause all except:
A)
Hyperkalemia
B)
Hypokalemia
C)
Hypervolemia
D)
Acute Kidney Injury
NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, which can reduce renal blood flow and impair sodium and water excretion. This may lead to acute kidney injury and fluid retention/hypervolemia, and they can also cause hyperkalemia by decreasing renin and aldosterone activity. Hypokalemia is not a typical effect of NSAIDs.
The right atrium receives blood from:
A)
Inferior vena cava and Jugular vein
B)
Superior vena cava and Jugular vein
C)
Inferior vena cava and superior vena cava
D)
Jugular vein and Subclavian vein
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood returning to the heart mainly through the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava. The superior vena cava brings blood from the upper part of the body, and the inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower part of the body. The jugular and subclavian veins drain into the superior vena cava, but they do not open directly into the right atrium, so options mentioning them are incorrect.
Factors increasing a drug’s dialysability are all except:
A)
Low protein binding
B)
Low molecular weight
C)
Large volume of distribution (Vd)
D)
Water solubility
Dialysis removes drugs from the blood compartment best when the drug is mostly present in plasma and is easy to pass through the dialysis membrane. So dialysability is increased by low protein binding, low molecular weight, and water solubility. A large volume of distribution means the drug is widely distributed into tissues and less remains in plasma, so it is less dialyzable. Therefore, the exception is large Vd.
Which blood group does not have A or B antigen on its red cell surface?
A)
B
B)
A
C)
O
D)
AB
In the ABO blood group system, blood group O has neither A antigen nor B antigen on the surface of red blood cells. Blood group A has A antigen, B has B antigen, and AB has both A and B antigens. Therefore, the correct answer is O.