← Combined Technical (NG)
Past Questions
The common carotid artery bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries at the level of which cervical vertebra?
A)
C1
B)
C4
C)
C7
D)
C3
The common carotid artery typically bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage, which corresponds to the C4 vertebral level. Option (b) is therefore correct. C1, C3, and C7 are not the usual anatomical level of bifurcation.
The term used to describe a structure located closer to the midline of the body is:
A)
Lateral
B)
Proximal
C)
Medial
D)
Distal
In anatomical terminology, a structure closer to the midline of the body is called **medial**.
- **Lateral** means farther from the midline.
- **Proximal** means nearer to the point of attachment or origin.
- **Distal** means farther from the point of attachment or origin.
Therefore, the correct answer is **(c) Medial**.
Why is good personal and community hygiene crucial for preventing disease outbreaks?
A)
It improves a community’s economic status.
B)
It strengthens individual immunity alone.
C)
It stops the cycle of disease transmission from one person to another and throughout the environment.
D)
It makes it easier to track disease patterns.
Good personal and community hygiene helps prevent the spread of infectious agents by breaking the chain of transmission. Clean hands, safe sanitation, proper waste disposal, and hygienic surroundings reduce how germs move from person to person and via the environment. Option (a) is unrelated, (b) is incorrect because hygiene does not strengthen immunity alone, and (d) may help surveillance but is not the main reason hygiene prevents outbreaks.
Spermatogenesis (sperm production) occurs in the:
A)
Prostate gland
B)
Epididymis
C)
Vas deferens
D)
Seminiferous tubules
Spermatogenesis is the process of formation of sperm cells, and it takes place in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The prostate gland adds fluid to semen, the epididymis stores and matures sperm, and the vas deferens transports sperm.
The shaft of a long bone is known as the:
A)
Epiphysis
B)
Diaphysis
C)
Periosteum
D)
Medullary cavity
The shaft of a long bone is called the diaphysis. The epiphysis refers to the ends of the bone, the periosteum is the outer covering of the bone, and the medullary cavity is the hollow space inside the shaft that contains bone marrow.
Haemodialysis is a medical procedure used to treat patients with kidney failure by:
A)
Filtering the blood artificially to remove waste products.
B)
Transplanting a new kidney.
C)
Reabsorbing excess urea.
D)
Increasing the patient’s blood pressure.
Haemodialysis is an artificial blood-cleaning process used in kidney failure. It removes waste products, excess salts, and extra water from the blood using a dialyser. Option (b) is kidney transplantation, not dialysis. Option (c) is incorrect because dialysis removes urea rather than reabsorbing it. Option (d) is unrelated to the purpose of haemodialysis.
The SA node is located in the:
A)
Left atrium
B)
Right atrium
C)
Interventricular septum
D)
Left ventricle
The SA (sinoatrial) node is the natural pacemaker of the heart and is located in the right atrium, near the opening of the superior vena cava. It initiates the electrical impulse that spreads through the atria. The left atrium, interventricular septum, and left ventricle do not contain the SA node.
Hypertension is defined as BP more than:
A)
110/70
B)
130/80
C)
140/90
D)
150/100
Hypertension is classically defined as blood pressure greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg in standard exam context. Among the given options, 140/90 is the accepted threshold. 110/70 and 130/80 are normal or prehypertensive/raised levels in some newer classifications, while 150/100 is too high and not the standard definition.
The largest sesamoid bone in the human body is the:
A)
Pisiform
B)
Patella
C)
Hyoid
D)
Calcaneus
The patella (kneecap) is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body. Sesamoid bones develop within tendons, and the patella is embedded in the quadriceps tendon. Pisiform is also a sesamoid bone but much smaller. Hyoid is not a sesamoid bone, and calcaneus is the heel bone, not a sesamoid bone.
Which of the following is an example of a stochastic effect?
A)
Skin reddening (erythema)
B)
Cataract formation
C)
Permanent sterility
D)
Cancer induction
Stochastic effects of radiation are random in nature; the probability of occurrence increases with dose, but the severity does not depend on dose. A classic example is cancer induction. In contrast, skin reddening (erythema), cataract formation, and permanent sterility are deterministic (tissue reaction) effects, which have threshold doses and severity increases with dose.
The triangular area on the floor of the urinary bladder formed by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the:
A)
Renal pelvis
B)
Trigone
C)
Detrusor
D)
Fundus
The triangular area on the floor of the urinary bladder formed by the two ureteric openings and the internal urethral opening is called the trigone.
- Renal pelvis is part of the kidney, not the bladder.
- Detrusor is the muscular wall of the bladder.
- Fundus refers to a rounded base or upper part of an organ, not this triangular area.
The enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth with the action of which enzyme?
A)
Pepsin
B)
Pancreatic lipase
C)
Salivary amylase
D)
Trypsin
Carbohydrate digestion starts in the mouth, where saliva contains the enzyme salivary amylase (also called ptyalin). It begins breaking down starch into simpler sugars. Pepsin digests proteins in the stomach, pancreatic lipase digests fats, and trypsin digests proteins in the small intestine.
What do the two numbers in a blood pressure reading, like 120/80 mmHg, represent?
A)
Systolic pressure / Diastolic pressure
B)
Diastolic pressure / Systolic pressure
C)
Arterial pressure / Venous pressure
D)
Heart rate / Stroke volume
A blood pressure reading has two values. The first number (e.g., 120) is the systolic pressure, which is the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts. The second number (e.g., 80) is the diastolic pressure, which is the pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes between beats. So 120/80 mmHg means systolic pressure / diastolic pressure. The other options are incorrect because blood pressure is not given as diastolic/systolic, arterial/venous, or heart rate/stroke volume.
The main arterial supply to the lower limb is a continuation of which artery?
A)
Common iliac artery
B)
Internal iliac artery
C)
External iliac artery
D)
Common femoral artery
The main arterial supply to the lower limb is the femoral artery, which is a continuation of the external iliac artery after it passes beneath the inguinal ligament. Therefore, the artery from which the lower limb arterial supply continues is the external iliac artery. Common iliac artery divides into internal and external iliac arteries, internal iliac supplies the pelvis, and common femoral artery is actually the continuation of the external iliac artery, not the source.
When should a new consent form be completed for a repeat radiology procedure?
A)
When the patient expresses any confusion about the procedure.
B)
If any new or changed risks are identified.
C)
For every follow-up appointment.
D)
Never, a single signed form is valid for all future procedures.
A new consent form should be obtained when the repeat radiology procedure involves any new information that could affect the patient's decision, especially new or changed risks. Consent must reflect the current procedure and current risks, so an earlier form may not be sufficient. Option (a) may prompt further explanation, but confusion alone is not the rule for needing a new form. Option (c) is too broad because not every follow-up appointment needs fresh consent. Option (d) is incorrect because consent is not automatically valid for all future procedures.
The carpal bones are___________ in number.
A)
6
B)
7
C)
8
D)
9
The carpal bones are the small bones of the wrist, and there are 8 in each hand. They are arranged in two rows of four bones each. So the correct answer is 8. Options 6, 7, and 9 are incorrect because the standard anatomical number of carpal bones is eight.
What is the most effective shielding accessory for protecting the operator’s thyroid during a fluoroscopy procedure?
A)
Lead apron
B)
Lead glasses
C)
Lead thyroid collar
D)
Ceiling-suspended shield
The thyroid is best protected by a dedicated lead thyroid collar, which is designed specifically to shield the neck and thyroid region from scattered radiation during fluoroscopy. A lead apron protects the torso, lead glasses protect the eyes, and a ceiling-suspended shield mainly reduces exposure to the head and upper body but does not provide the most direct thyroid protection.
The best view for patella is:
A)
AP knee
B)
Lateral knee
C)
Skyline [tangential] view
D)
Oblique knee
The patella is best demonstrated on the skyline (tangential/sunrise/merchant) view because this projection shows the patellofemoral joint and the articular surface of the patella clearly. AP knee and lateral knee are routine views, but they do not show the patella as optimally. Oblique knee is useful for other joint-space or bone detail, not the best for patella.
The location of darkroom is best suitable:
A)
Near Xray room with no windows
B)
Basement only
C)
Near patient waiting area
D)
Near the reception
A darkroom should be located close to the X-ray room to allow quick transfer of exposed films, and it must have no windows to prevent light from fogging the film. Options (c) and (d) are unsuitable because patient waiting/reception areas are not darkroom-safe or workflow-efficient. Option (b) is too restrictive; a basement is not necessary if the room is otherwise light-tight and properly located.
What is the primary consequence of an improperly sealed darkroom door?
A)
The film will become underexposed.
B)
The room temperature will fluctuate.
C)
The safelight will not function correctly.
D)
The film will be exposed to light, causing fogging.
A darkroom must be completely light-tight to prevent unwanted exposure of radiographic film. If the door is not properly sealed, stray light enters the room and fogs the film, reducing image quality. Underexposure is related to insufficient radiation exposure, temperature fluctuation is not the primary issue, and safelight malfunction is not the main consequence of a loose door seal.
Tungsten (W) has atomic number of:
A)
74
B)
72
C)
76
D)
78
Tungsten (W) has atomic number 74, meaning it has 74 protons in its nucleus. Therefore, option (a) is correct. The other options—72, 76, and 78—correspond to different elements.
The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time it takes for:
A)
the entire substance to decay.
B)
half of the nuclei in a sample to decay.
C)
the substance to become stable.
D)
the mass of the substance to become zero.
The half-life of a radioactive substance is defined as the time required for half the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay. It does not mean the entire substance decays, becomes stable, or its mass becomes zero. After one half-life, 50% remains; after two half-lives, 25% remains, and so on.
When a fast moving electron ejects the inner shell electron of the target atom, the radiation produced is :
A)
Bremsstrahlung radiation
B)
Characteristic radiation
C)
Breaking radiation
D)
High frequency radiation
When a fast-moving electron knocks out an inner-shell electron from the target atom, the vacancy is filled by an outer-shell electron. The energy difference is emitted as X-rays called characteristic radiation. Bremsstrahlung (or breaking radiation) is produced when electrons are decelerated in the nuclear field, not by inner-shell ejection. So the correct answer is characteristic radiation.
Increasing the mA alone causes:
A)
no significant change in xray beam characteristics
B)
increases the hardness/ penetrating property of the xray beam
C)
increased photon production and not penetration
D)
increases the photon production and penetration
mA (milliamperage) controls the number of electrons from the cathode and therefore the number of x-ray photons produced. Increasing mA alone increases beam quantity (intensity) but does not increase beam quality or penetrating power, which is mainly determined by kVp. Hence option (c) is correct. Option (b) is wrong because hardness/penetration depends on kVp, not mA. Option (d) is wrong because mA does not increase penetration. Option (a) is incorrect because mA does change the beam quantity significantly.
Target material in diagnostic Xray tubes is:
A)
Aluminium
B)
Lead
C)
Copper
D)
Tungsten
In a diagnostic X-ray tube, the target material is tungsten because it has a very high atomic number and a very high melting point, making it ideal for producing X-rays and withstanding intense heat. Aluminium is used in filters or other components, lead is used for shielding, and copper is mainly used in the anode/heat dissipation arrangements, not as the X-ray target.