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Past Questions — 2026
When two or more footings are connected by a beam, it is called:
A)
Footing beam
B)
Combined footing
C)
Strap footing
D)
Mat footing
A strap footing (also known as a cantilever footing) consists of two or more individual footings connected by a rigid structural beam called a 'strap beam'. The primary purpose of the strap beam is not to support the load directly, but to transfer the eccentric load from an exterior column (which cannot have a centered footing due to property lines) to an interior column, thereby ensuring the resulting pressure on the soil is uniform.
Why other options are incorrect:
- a. Footing beam: This is a general term and not a standard classification of a foundation type.
- b. Combined footing: A combined footing is a single continuous slab that supports two or more columns. It is a single base, not two separate footings connected by a beam.
- d. Mat footing: Also known as a raft foundation, this is a single large slab that supports all the columns of a building, covering the entire area of the structure.
Biological action is used in:
A)
Screens
B)
Sedimentation tanks
C)
Grit chamber
D)
Trickling filters
In wastewater treatment, processes are divided into physical, chemical, and biological treatments.
1. **Trickling Filters (Option d):** These are biological reactors. They consist of a bed of coarse media (like rocks or plastic) over which sewage is sprayed. A biological film (slime layer) of aerobic bacteria and fungi grows on the media. These microorganisms biologically degrade the organic matter present in the wastewater. Therefore, biological action is the primary mechanism here.
2. **Screens (Option a):** These are used for the removal of large floating objects (rags, sticks, plastics) via physical straining. This is a physical process.
3. **Sedimentation Tanks (Option b):** These rely on gravity to allow suspended organic and inorganic solids to settle at the bottom of the tank. This is a physical process.
4. **Grit Chambers (Option c):** These are designed to remove heavy inorganic solids like sand, gravel, and eggshells through differential settling. This is a physical process.
Since only the trickling filter utilizes microorganisms for the treatment of waste, it is the correct answer.
The time taken for flow in a sewer to build upto maximum is known as:
A)
Time of flow
B)
Time of concentration
C)
Time of entry
D)
Time of consideration
In environmental and hydraulic engineering, specifically regarding storm sewers and drainage systems, the 'Time of Concentration' (Tc) is defined as the time required for runoff to travel from the hydraulically most remote point of a catchment area to the outlet or the point of interest. It is the time taken for the entire watershed to contribute to the flow at the outlet, meaning the flow at that point reaches its maximum peak.
Breakdown of options:
- Option (a) 'Time of flow' is a generic term and not a technical definition for peak flow timing.
- Option (b) 'Time of concentration' is the standard technical term used in the Rational Method (Q=CIA) for calculating peak discharge.
- Option (c) 'Time of entry' refers to the time it takes for water to flow from the surface into the inlet (inlet time), which is only a component of the total time of concentration.
- Option (d) 'Time of consideration' is not a recognized technical term in hydraulic or environmental engineering.
The frog of a bricks is normally made on its:
A)
Longer face
B)
Shorter face
C)
Bottom face
D)
Top face
A 'frog' is a depression or indentation made on the top surface of a brick. It serves two primary purposes: first, it provides a key for the mortar to grip, creating a stronger bond between the courses of bricks; second, it is often used by manufacturers to emboss their brand name or trademark.
Analysis of options:
- a. Longer face: This is the side surface; placing a frog here would compromise the structural integrity of the wall.
- b. Shorter face: This is the header end; a frog here would not provide the necessary mortar key for horizontal bedding.
- c. Bottom face: The bottom is typically flat to ensure stability on the base.
- d. Top face: This is the standard location for the frog to ensure that when the brick is laid, the mortar fills the indentation, locking the bricks together.
The steel reinforcing rods are used in concrete beam in order to make it carry:
A)
Compression
B)
Tension
C)
Over loaded
D)
Both compression as well as tension
Concrete is a brittle material that possesses high compressive strength but very low tensile strength (typically only about 10% of its compressive strength). When a beam is subjected to bending (flexure), the top fibers are compressed while the bottom fibers are stretched (tension). Because concrete would crack and fail almost immediately under these tensile stresses, steel reinforcing rods (rebars) are embedded in the tension zone. Steel has high tensile strength and a similar coefficient of thermal expansion to concrete, allowing it to carry the tensile loads that the concrete cannot. While 'doubly reinforced beams' do use steel for compression, the primary and fundamental reason for adding reinforcement to a standard concrete beam is to provide tensile capacity.
The horizontal tunnels constructed at shallow depths along the banks of a river to intercept the ground water table are called:
A)
Canals
B)
Infiltration galleries
C)
Springs
D)
Infiltration wells
Step-by-step reasoning:
1. **Definition of Infiltration Galleries**: These are horizontal tunnels or perforated pipes constructed at shallow depths beneath the bed of a river or along its banks. Their primary purpose is to collect filtered groundwater (subsurface flow) from the riverbed, utilizing the natural sandy layers as a filter to remove suspended solids.
2. **Analysis of Options**:
- **a. Canals**: These are artificial open channels used for irrigation or water transport, not subsurface tunnels for groundwater interception.
- **b. Infiltration galleries**: This matches the technical description of horizontal tunnels constructed at shallow depths to intercept groundwater.
- **c. Springs**: These are natural points where groundwater flows out of the ground onto the surface; they are not constructed tunnels.
- **d. Infiltration wells**: These are vertical boreholes drilled into the ground to extract water from an aquifer. While they serve a similar purpose to galleries, they are vertical, not horizontal tunnels.
3. **Conclusion**: Based on the geometry (horizontal tunnels) and location (shallow depths along river banks), the correct term is Infiltration Galleries.
FR 17(1) provides that a Government servant shall not draw pay:
A)
During training
B)
During unauthorized absence
C)
During deputation
D)
During transfer
Option B is correct: During unauthorized absence.
Communication received from public representatives regarding problems of groups/ categories of Government functionaries must be entertained and dealt with on a __________.
A)
daily basis
B)
time-bound basis
C)
weekly basis
Option B is correct: time-bound basis.
Final penalty is imposed by:
A)
Inquiry Officer
B)
Presenting Officer
C)
Disciplinary authority
D)
Vigilance Commission
Option C is correct: Disciplinary authority.
As per Rule 11 of the CCS (Leave) Rules, 1972, Casual Leave is:
A)
A formal kind of leave
B)
Treated as Earned Leave
C)
Not recognized as “leave” under the rules
D)
A substitute for Half Pay Leave
Option C is correct: Not recognized as “leave” under the rules.
Leave Not Due granted under Rule 31 is debited against:
A)
Earned Leave to be earned later
B)
Future Half Pay Leave
C)
Extraordinary Leave
D)
Casual Leave
Option B is correct: Future Half Pay Leave.
The Inquiry Officer is appointed by:
A)
Accused employee
B)
Vigilance department
C)
Disciplinary authority
D)
Court
Option C is correct: Disciplinary authority.
After inquiry, the Inquiry Officer submits:
A)
Inquiry report
B)
Charge-sheet
C)
Punishment order
D)
Appeal
Option A is correct: Inquiry report.
A Government servant is prohibited from __________.
A)
paying taxes
B)
voting
C)
expressing political views publicly
Option C is correct: expressing political views publicly.
Every Government servant holding a __________ shall take all possible steps to ensure the integrity and devotion to duty of all Government servants for the time being under his control and authority.
A)
supervisory post
B)
immediate superior post
C)
post of head of office
Option A is correct: supervisory post.
Responsibility for losses under Rule 37 is assessed through:
A)
Verbal instructions from the Head of Department
B)
Police investigations only.
C)
Audit reports only
D)
Departmental proceedings following Appendix 1 and Ministry guidelines
Option D is correct: Departmental proceedings following Appendix 1 and Ministry guidelines.
“Workplace’’ includes a any department, organization, undertaking, establishment, enterprise, institution, office, branch or unit which is established, owned, controlled or wholly or substantially financed by funds provided directly or indirectly by the __________.
A)
State Government
B)
Central Government
C)
Public Sector Undertakings
Option B is correct: Central Government.
According to Rule 9(2), when a Government servant applies for another post through proper channel and resigns to take up a new post, such resignation shall result in:
A)
Retention of leave at credit
B)
Lapse of earned leave only
C)
Lapse of all leave
D)
Retention of half-pay leave only
Option A is correct: Retention of leave at credit.
Lien means:
A)
Temporary appointment
B)
Right to hold a permanent post substantively
C)
Acting charge
D)
Deputation
Option B is correct: Right to hold a permanent post substantively.
Rule __________ of CCS ( Conduct Rules), 1964 relates to Promptness and Courtesy to be followed by every Government Servant.
A)
3-A
B)
3-B
C)
3-C
Option A is correct: 3-A.
Who is responsible for inspecting and signing the Service Book under SR 202?
A)
Head of Office
B)
Central Audit Office
C)
Accounts Officer
D)
Personnel Department
Option A is correct: Head of Office.
As per Rule 7 of CCS (Leave) Rules, 1972, leave:
A)
Is an entitlement of every Government servant
B)
Cannot be claimed as a matter of right
C)
Can be claimed as a matter of right
D)
Must always be sanctioned when applied
Option B is correct: Cannot be claimed as a matter of right.
If a Government servant remains absent continuously for more than 5 years without sanctioned leave, the servant shall be:
A)
Automatically dismissed
B)
Treated as on Extraordinary Leave
C)
Granted extension of leave
D)
Deemed to have resigned
Option D is correct: Deemed to have resigned.
As per Rule 9 of CCS (Leave) Rules, 1972, a Government servant who is dismissed or removed from service:
A)
Retains earned leave only
B)
Retains half-pay leave only
C)
Loses all leave at his/her credit
D)
Retains leave for encashment purposes
Option C is correct: Loses all leave at his/her credit.
Rule 18 relates to:
A)
Common Proceedings
B)
Revision
C)
Appeals
D)
Suspension
Option A is correct: Common Proceedings.