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Past Questions — 2016
Demand factor is the
A)
Maximum Demand / Average Demand
B)
Maximum Demand / Connected Load
C)
Average Demand / Maximum Demand
D)
Connected Load / Maximum Demand
Demand factor is defined as the ratio of the maximum demand on a system to the total connected load. Therefore, the correct formula is Maximum Demand / Connected Load. Option (a) is incorrect because it is closer to a load factor-related expression, not demand factor. Option (c) is the inverse of load factor, and option (d) is the reciprocal of the demand factor.
Interrupting medium in a contactor may be
A)
air
B)
oil
C)
SF6 gas
D)
any of these
A contactor can use different interrupting media depending on its design and application. Common interrupting media include air, oil, and SF6 gas. Since all three are possible, the correct answer is 'any of these'. Options (a), (b), and (c) are each only a specific case, not exhaustive.
Isolators are used for disconnecting a circuit when
A)
Line is energised
B)
Line is on full load
C)
Line carries no current
D)
Can be operated under any condition
An isolator is a mechanical switching device used to isolate a circuit from the supply only when there is no load current. It is operated after the circuit breaker has opened the circuit, so the line is de-energized and carries no current. It is not meant to interrupt current.
Why others are wrong:
- (a) Line is energised: unsafe; isolators are not used to break an energized circuit.
- (b) Line is on full load: incorrect; isolators cannot safely open load current.
- (d) Can be operated under any condition: false; isolators are used only under no-current conditions.
In outdoor substation, the lightning arrester is placed nearer to
A)
the isolator
B)
the current transformer
C)
the power transformer
D)
the current breaker
In an outdoor substation, the lightning arrester is installed as close as possible to the equipment that needs protection, especially the power transformer. This is because the arrester must divert lightning or switching surges to earth before the surge reaches the transformer. Hence, it is placed nearer to the power transformer. The other options are not the main protected equipment in this context.
What is the actuating quantity for the relays?
A)
Magnitude
B)
Frequency
C)
Phase angle
D)
All of these
A relay operates when its actuating quantity reaches a specified condition. In protective relays, the actuating quantity may be the magnitude of current/voltage, its frequency, or phase angle between quantities depending on the relay type. Therefore, all the given quantities can serve as actuating quantities.
Stones are provided in the substation to:
A)
avoid fire accident by draining oil from transformer if leaks
B)
avoid growing of weeds and plants
C)
provide insulation
D)
All of these
In substations, a layer of stones (gravel) is laid on the ground. It helps in three ways: it prevents weeds and plants from growing, improves drainage and helps reduce fire risk by absorbing/spreading spilled transformer oil, and it also provides a measure of insulation by increasing surface resistance underfoot. Therefore, all the given statements are correct.
For low head and high discharge, the hydraulic turbine used is
A)
Kaplan turbine
B)
Francis turbine
C)
Pelton wheel
D)
Jonual turbine
Hydraulic turbines are selected based on head and discharge. For low head and high discharge conditions, a Kaplan turbine is used because it is an axial-flow reaction turbine designed for large flow rates at low heads. Francis turbine is mainly for medium head and medium discharge, while Pelton wheel is for high head and low discharge. 'Jonual turbine' is not the standard correct turbine for this condition.
In the below figure, the relay circuit is divided into three parts. What does the first part consist of?
A)
Primary winding of a current CT which is connected in series with the line to be protected
B)
Secondary of the CT and the operating coil
C)
Tripping circuit
D)
All of these
In a relay circuit, the first part is the current transformer (CT) side connected in series with the line to be protected. This primary winding carries the line current and supplies a reduced current to the relay circuit. The secondary of the CT and operating coil form the second part, while the tripping circuit is the third part. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Estimation is computations of the X required and cost likely to be incurred in the construction work. Find the appropriate word for X.
A)
materials
B)
quantities
C)
equipments
D)
labourers
Estimation in civil engineering means calculating the quantities of different items required for a construction work and the probable cost of execution. So the sentence becomes: 'Estimation is computation of the quantities required and cost likely to be incurred in the construction work.' Hence, option (b) is correct. The other options are too narrow: materials, equipments, and labourers are only parts of an estimate, not the general term used here.
The most suitable system of sewerage for Indian conditions is
A)
separate
B)
combined
C)
partially combined
D)
lateral
The most suitable sewerage system for Indian conditions is the **separate system**. In this system, sanitary sewage and storm water are carried in different sewers. This is preferred in India because it reduces the size and cost of sanitary sewers, simplifies sewage treatment, and avoids overloading treatment plants during rains. The combined system is generally not suitable due to heavy storm runoff, large sewer sizes, and higher construction and maintenance cost. 'Partially combined' is used in some cases but is not the most suitable overall. 'Lateral' is only a part of a sewer network, not a sewerage system.
Removal of very fine and light colloidal impurities like gels and emulsions from water is achieved by means of
A)
Filtration
B)
Chlorination
C)
Coagulation
D)
Aeration
Very fine, light colloidal impurities such as gels and emulsions are too small to be removed effectively by filtration alone. Coagulation is the process of adding chemicals (coagulants) to destabilize these colloids so they aggregate into larger flocs, which can then be removed by settling and filtration. Chlorination is used for disinfection, and aeration is mainly for removing dissolved gases and improving taste/odour, not for colloidal removal.
If V= Volume of cutting or banking, A1, A2, etc the areas of different cross-sections, then the Volume is given by, V= 1/3 {A1 + A2 + A3} x Length. The Method for Volume calculation as above is
A)
Prismoidal Method
B)
Mid—Sectional Area Method
C)
Trapezoidal Method
D)
Mean -— Sectional Area Method
The given formula represents the volume computed using several end and intermediate cross-sectional areas, which is characteristic of the Prismoidal Method. In this method, the volume is based on a prismoid formed by the sections, not just the average of two end areas. The Trapezoidal Method uses only two end areas, the Mid-sectional Area Method uses the area at the midpoint, and the Mean Sectional Area Method uses the average of section areas. Hence, the correct answer is Prismoidal Method.
One of the two fundamental principles upon which various survey methods are based is : To work
A)
from the part to the whole
B)
from the whole to the part
C)
inateam
D)
independently
Surveying is based on two fundamental principles: (1) to work from the whole to the part, and (2) to fix each point by at least two independent measurements. Working from the whole to the part prevents accumulation of errors and ensures that any small errors remain confined to a limited area. Hence the correct option is (b). Options (a), (c), and (d) do not state the fundamental surveying principle.
Depending upon the way in which the members are connected, Riveted joints mainly consist of two types : viz Lap Joint and
A)
Single Joint
B)
Double Joint
C)
Multiple Joint
D)
Butt Joint
Riveted joints are mainly classified by the way plates are connected into two types: Lap joint and Butt joint. In a lap joint, one plate overlaps another and both are riveted together. In a butt joint, the plates meet edge to edge and are joined by cover plates (straps) with rivets. Hence, the correct answer is Butt Joint. The other options are not the standard main classification of riveted joints.
This layer is also known as ‘Drainage Layer’ in modern flexible pavement construction. Identify the layer.
A)
Sub-grade
B)
Granular Sub-base
C)
Wet Mix Macadam
D)
Mix Seal Surfacing
In modern flexible pavement construction, the layer that primarily provides drainage and helps prevent capillary rise of water from the sub-grade is the Granular Sub-base (GSB). It is therefore also called the drainage layer. Sub-grade is the prepared soil foundation, Wet Mix Macadam is a base layer, and Mix Seal Surfacing is a wearing/surface treatment layer.
In design of Riveted Joints, the following have to be determined; (i) Number of rivets (ii) Pitch of rivets and (iii)
A)
gauge ofrivets
B)
diameter ofrivets
C)
strength ofrivets
D)
thickness of rivets
In riveted joint design, the main quantities to be determined are: (i) number of rivets, (ii) pitch of rivets, and (iii) diameter of rivets. The rivet diameter is needed to satisfy strength and bearing requirements and is part of standard riveted joint design. Gauge is a spacing parameter, not the third principal design item here. Strength is a result to be checked, and thickness refers to the plate, not the rivet.
A contract by which one party promises to save the other from loss caused to him by the conduct of the promisor himself, or by the conduct of any other person, is called a contract of
A)
guarantee
B)
indemnity
C)
bailment
D)
pledge
Under the Indian Contract Act, 1872, a contract in which one party promises to save the other from loss caused by the conduct of the promisor himself or of any other person is called a contract of indemnity.
Why not the others:
- Guarantee: a promise to discharge the liability of a third person in case of default.
- Bailment: delivery of goods for a specific purpose with the condition of return/disposal.
- Pledge: a type of bailment where goods are delivered as security for a debt or promise.
In a series of readings taken on intermediate points with a levelling staff of a Dumpy level, it is found that the staff readings gradually decrease from 2.110 to 0.880. This indicate
A)
Increase in RL of Intermediate points
B)
No Change in RL
C)
Decrease in RL of Intermediate points
D)
Increase in RL of BM
In levelling, for a fixed line of sight, a smaller staff reading means the point is higher. Since the readings on intermediate points gradually decrease from 2.110 to 0.880, the ground level is rising. Therefore, the Reduced Level (RL) of the intermediate points is increasing. Option (c) is the opposite, and (b) is wrong because the readings are not constant.
As per IRC Specifications, the minimum width for Right-of-way for double-lane National Highways in open areas is
A)
20m
B)
24m
C)
26m
D)
28m
As per IRC recommendations for National Highways, the minimum right-of-way (ROW) for a double-lane highway in open areas is 24 m. This provides space for the roadway, shoulders, drains, and future widening. The other options are not the standard IRC minimum for a double-lane NH in open terrain.
A substitute for “one who likes to spend time with others” in one word can be
A)
Introvert
B)
Commoner
C)
Extrovert
D)
Extraordinary
An extrovert is a person who enjoys being with others and spending time in social interaction.
- Introvert: one who prefers solitude or quiet activities, so incorrect.
- Commoner: an ordinary person, not related to social behavior, so incorrect.
- Extrovert: one who is outgoing and likes company, so correct.
- Extraordinary: means exceptional or unusual, so incorrect.
In general, the main components of Analysis of Rates are cost of Materials and
A)
Labour
B)
Water
C)
Sundries
D)
Contractor’s profit
In rate analysis, the major components are usually the cost of materials and the cost of labour. Other items like water, sundries, overheads, and contractor’s profit may also be included as separate additions, but the main basic components are materials and labour. Hence, the correct answer is Labour.
A Contractor has to deposit to the Department a Bank Guarantee to receive
A)
Security Deposit
B)
Earnest Money
C)
Advance Payment
D)
Performance Guarantee
A bank guarantee is typically required when the contractor wants to receive an advance payment from the department, so that the department’s money is protected against default or non-utilization of the advance. Security deposit and earnest money are usually deposited by the contractor, not received from the department. Performance guarantee is also furnished by the contractor to assure contract performance, but the phrase "to receive" points specifically to advance payment.
The Efficiency of a riveted joint is defined as the ratio, expressed in percentage, of the least strength of a riveted joint to
A)
bearing strength of rivet
B)
strength of solid plate
C)
rivet value
D)
tearing strength of plate
Efficiency of a riveted joint is defined as the ratio of the least strength of the joint to the strength of the unpunched solid plate, expressed as a percentage. The least strength may be due to tearing, shearing, or bearing failure, but it is always compared with the strength of the solid plate. Hence, the correct answer is (b). Options (a), (c), and (d) refer only to individual failure modes or rivet capacity, not the reference strength used in efficiency.
For valuation of buildings, the Capital value is found out from Capital Value = the product of Net Income per annum and Year’s Purchase. Which of the following use the above method of valuation?
A)
Direct Comparison Method
B)
Cost Method
C)
Profit basis Method
D)
Investment Method
In valuation of buildings, the formula Capital Value = Net Income per annum × Years' Purchase is the standard **investment method**. This method is used for properties that generate rent or income, because the value is based on the income-earning capacity of the property.
Why others are incorrect:
- **Direct Comparison Method**: estimates value by comparing with similar recent sales.
- **Cost Method**: value is based on land value plus construction cost minus depreciation.
- **Profit basis Method**: used for properties like hotels, cinemas, or industries where valuation depends on business profit, not simple rental income.
Therefore, the correct answer is **Investment Method**.
The height of a Pressed steel tank will be multiples of
A)
1.00m
B)
1.25m
C)
1.50m
D)
1.75m
Pressed steel tanks are made in panel courses of standard sizes. Their height is generally designed in multiples of 1.25 m so that standard panels can be conveniently assembled. Hence option (b) is correct. The other values are not the usual standard modular height for pressed steel tanks.