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Past Questions — 2026
Indian cricket team won the ICC Men’s T20 World Cup, 2026 by defeating:
A)
New Zealand
B)
England
C)
Australia
D)
South Africa
Correct option A: New Zealand
A military campaign to rescue Mary Winchester was called:
A)
The Lushai Expedition 1871-1872
B)
The Lushai Expedition 1873-1874
C)
The Lushai Expedition 1888-1889
D)
The Chin Lushai Expedition 1890-1891
The Lushai Expedition of 1871-1872 was launched by the British government primarily in response to raids carried out by Lushai tribes on British tea gardens in Cachar and the kidnapping of several British subjects. Among those captured was Mary Winchester, the daughter of a tea planter. The military campaign was organized to rescue the captives, including Mary Winchester, and to punish the raiding chiefs to ensure the security of the frontier.
Comparing the options:
- Option (a) 1871-1872 is the correct period for the rescue mission of Mary Winchester.
- Option (b) 1873-1874 refers to subsequent smaller operations or consolidation efforts, but not the primary rescue campaign.
- Option (c) 1888-1889 and Option (d) 1890-1891 relate to later stages of British annexation and the final subjugation of the Lushai hills, occurring long after the Mary Winchester incident.
Which two disasters has the 16th Finance Commission recommended for inclusion as nationally notified disasters?
A)
Cyclones and droughts
B)
Heatwaves and lightning strikes
C)
Floods and earthquakes
D)
Landslides and cloudbursts
The 16th Finance Commission, chaired by Arvind Panagariya, has emphasized the need to modernize the disaster relief funding mechanism. In its preliminary discussions and recommendations regarding the Disaster Management fund, the Commission highlighted that traditional disasters like floods and cyclones are already covered. However, with the increasing frequency of climate-induced extreme weather events, the Commission recommended that 'Heatwaves' and 'Lightning strikes' be included as nationally notified disasters. This inclusion allows states to access central funds from the National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) for relief and mitigation efforts specifically for these two phenomena, which previously often fell outside the strict definitions of 'notified disasters' for funding purposes. Options a, c, and d are incorrect because cyclones, droughts, floods, earthquakes, landslides, and cloudbursts are already recognized and notified disasters under the existing framework of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and the NDRF.
In which session of the Indian National Congress was Vande Mataram sang for the first time?
A)
1899
B)
1896
C)
1898
D)
1897
The song 'Vande Mataram', written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in his novel 'Anandamath', was first sung at a session of the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1896. It was introduced and sung by Rabindranath Tagore during the Calcutta session of the INC in 1896. The song subsequently became a powerful anthem of the Indian independence movement, symbolizing patriotism and national unity. Options a (1899), c (1898), and d (1897) are incorrect as the historical record specifically attributes the first singing of the song at an INC session to the 1896 gathering.
Which juice secreted by the organs in the alimentary canal plays an important role in the digestion of fats?
A)
Saliva, hydrochloric acid
B)
Saliva, Pancreatic juice
C)
Bile juice, Pancreatic juice
D)
Saliva, Bile juice
The digestion of fats (lipids) is a complex process requiring both emulsification and enzymatic hydrolysis.
1. **Bile Juice**: Secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, bile contains bile salts. These salts perform 'emulsification,' which is the process of breaking down large fat globules into smaller droplets (micelles). This increases the surface area for enzymes to act upon.
2. **Pancreatic Juice**: Secreted by the pancreas, this juice contains the enzyme **pancreatic lipase**. Lipase is the primary enzyme responsible for chemically breaking down emulsified fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Why other options are incorrect:
- **Saliva**: Contains salivary amylase, which digests carbohydrates (starch), not fats.
- **Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)**: Secreted by the stomach; it creates an acidic environment to activate pepsin for protein digestion and kills bacteria, but it does not digest fats.
Therefore, the combination of Bile juice (for emulsification) and Pancreatic juice (for enzymatic digestion) is essential for fat digestion.
Which payment company partnered with Gnani.ai to launch an agentic AI platform enabling in-call UPI payments during live customer conversations?
A)
Paytm
B)
PhonePe
C)
Razorpay
D)
GPay
Razorpay partnered with Gnani.ai to introduce an agentic AI platform designed to streamline the payment process during live customer interactions. This technology allows for 'in-call UPI payments,' where the AI agent can trigger a UPI payment request directly to the customer's phone while they are still on the call with a customer service representative or an automated bot. This reduces friction in the payment journey, eliminates the need for customers to manually enter details or navigate apps independently, and increases the success rate of collections and payments. Paytm, PhonePe, and GPay are major UPI players, but this specific strategic partnership for an agentic AI in-call payment platform was established by Razorpay and Gnani.ai.
Who proposed the idea of Continental Drift Theory?
A)
Harry Hess
B)
Darwin
C)
McKenzie and Parker
D)
Alfred Wegner
The Continental Drift Theory was proposed by Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist and geophysicist, in 1912. He hypothesized that all the Earth's continents were once joined together in a single supercontinent called 'Pangaea' and a single giant ocean called 'Panthalassa'. Over millions of years, these continents drifted apart to their current positions.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Harry Hess: He proposed the theory of 'Seafloor Spreading' in the 1960s, which provided the mechanism that Wegener's theory lacked.
- Darwin: Charles Darwin is the father of evolutionary biology (Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection), not geology or geophysics.
- McKenzie and Parker: They contributed significantly to the development of the theory of 'Plate Tectonics' in the late 1960s, which synthesized continental drift and seafloor spreading into a unified model.
A queen of fairy, who is regarded as the guardian and maker of wild animals is:
A)
Chawngtinleri
B)
Lasi
C)
Tumchhingi
D)
Chawngmawii
In Mizo folklore, Chawngtinleri is revered as the Queen of the Fairies (Lasi) and is specifically regarded as the guardian and creator/maker of wild animals. She is often depicted as a powerful supernatural entity who governs the wildlife of the forests.
Analysis of other options:
- Lasi: This is a general term for fairies or celestial beings in Mizo mythology, not a specific individual queen.
- Tumchhingi: While a figure in Mizo folklore, she is not the guardian of wild animals.
- Chawngmawii: Another figure in Mizo myths, but she does not hold the specific title of the maker and guardian of wild animals as Chawngtinleri does.
The pigment that gives human eyes, skin and hair their colour is called:
A)
Alizarin
B)
Melanin
C)
Phthalocyanine
D)
Quinacridone
Step-by-step reasoning: 1. The question asks for the biological pigment responsible for the coloration of human skin, hair, and eyes. 2. Melanin is a complex polymer produced by specialized cells called melanocytes. It exists in various forms (such as eumelanin for brown/black and pheomelanin for red/yellow) and determines the intensity and hue of pigmentation in humans. 3. Analyzing other options: (a) Alizarin is a red organic compound derived from the madder root, used primarily as a dye in textiles and paints. (c) Phthalocyanine is a macrocyclic compound used extensively in the production of synthetic blue and green pigments. (d) Quinacridone is a high-performance organic pigment used in paints and inks, typically producing shades of red, violet, or gold. Therefore, only melanin is a biological pigment found in the human body.
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of climate change?
A)
Rising sea levels
B)
Increased biodiversity
C)
More frequent heatwaves
D)
Melting polar ice caps
Step-by-step reasoning:
1. Analyze the question: The question asks for the option that is NOT a consequence of climate change.
2. Evaluate Option (a) Rising sea levels: This is a direct consequence of climate change caused by the thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice.
3. Evaluate Option (b) Increased biodiversity: Climate change generally leads to habitat loss, disruption of food chains, and the inability of species to adapt quickly enough to changing temperatures, resulting in a loss of biodiversity (extinction), not an increase.
4. Evaluate Option (c) More frequent heatwaves: Global warming increases the average surface temperature of the Earth, leading to a higher frequency and intensity of extreme heat events.
5. Evaluate Option (d) Melting polar ice caps: Increased global temperatures cause glaciers and polar ice sheets (Greenland and Antarctica) to melt rapidly.
6. Conclusion: Since options a, c, and d are well-documented consequences of climate change, option b is the correct answer as it is the opposite of what actually occurs.
Human Development Index measures:
A)
Income only
B)
Education only
C)
Health, education and income
D)
Population
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to measure a country's average achievements in three basic dimensions of human development:
1. **Health**: Measured by life expectancy at birth, which serves as a proxy for the overall health and quality of healthcare in a nation.
2. **Education**: Measured by a combination of mean years of schooling for adults and expected years of schooling for children.
3. **Income (Standard of Living)**: Measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity (PPP).
Analysis of other options:
- Option (a) 'Income only' refers to GDP or GNI per capita, which are purely economic measures and do not account for quality of life.
- Option (b) 'Education only' is just one component of the HDI.
- Option (d) 'Population' is a demographic metric, not a measure of development index.
Mizo language belongs to:
A)
Mongoloid group
B)
Indo-Aryan group
C)
Tibeto-Burman group
D)
Burmese-Chin group
The Mizo language is a member of the Kuki-Chin branch of the Tibeto-Burman language family. This family encompasses a vast array of languages spoken across East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Himalayas.
Step-by-step analysis of options:
- Option (a) Mongoloid group: This refers to a racial/ethnic classification, not a linguistic group. While Mizo people are ethnically Mongoloid, languages are categorized by linguistic families.
- Option (b) Indo-Aryan group: This group includes languages like Hindi, Bengali, and Punjabi, which are derived from Sanskrit. Mizo does not share this root.
- Option (c) Tibeto-Burman group: This is the correct linguistic classification. Mizo belongs to the Kuki-Chin subgroup, which falls under the broader Tibeto-Burman family.
- Option (d) Burmese-Chin group: While Mizo is related to Burmese and Chin languages, 'Tibeto-Burman' is the standard, authoritative academic term for the overarching language group in linguistics.
Which body recommends the principles of distribution of tax proceeds between Union and States?
A)
Planning Commission
B)
NITI Aayog
C)
Finance Commission
D)
Inter State Council
The Finance Commission is a constitutional body established under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution. Its primary mandate is to recommend the distribution of the net proceeds of taxes between the Union government and the State governments (Vertical Devolution), and the allocation of these proceeds among the States (Horizontal Devolution).
Why other options are incorrect:
- a. Planning Commission: This was a non-constitutional advisory body (replaced by NITI Aayog) that focused on five-year plans and resource allocation for developmental projects, not the constitutional distribution of tax proceeds.
- b. NITI Aayog: This is the current policy think-tank of the Government of India. While it provides strategic and technical advice, it does not have the constitutional authority to recommend tax distribution.
- d. Inter State Council: Established under Article 263, this is a coordinating body to discuss and investigate disputes between states or between the Union and states; it does not handle fiscal distribution of taxes.
Article 243Q provides for establishment of 3 kinds of Municipalities of every state. Which one of the following is not among them?
A)
Gram Panchayat
B)
Nagar Panchayat
C)
Municipal Council
D)
Municipal Corporation
Article 243Q of the Indian Constitution, introduced by the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992, mandates the creation of three types of municipalities in every state:
1. Nagar Panchayat: For an area in transition from a rural area to an urban area.
2. Municipal Council: For a smaller urban area.
3. Municipal Corporation: For a larger urban area.
Option (a) 'Gram Panchayat' is incorrect because it is a part of the Panchayati Raj system (Rural Local Government) governed by Article 243 and the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, not the Municipalities (Urban Local Government) governed by Article 243Q.
What is the position of the Right to Property in India?
A)
Legal right available to citizens only
B)
Legal right available to any person
C)
Fundamental Right available to citizens only
D)
Neither Fundamental Right nor legal right
Step-by-step reasoning:
1. **Historical Context**: Originally, the Right to Property was a Fundamental Right under Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31 of the Indian Constitution.
2. **The Amendment**: To facilitate land reforms and the redistribution of land for social welfare, the Government of India passed the 44th Amendment Act in 1978.
3. **Current Status**: The 44th Amendment deleted the Right to Property from the list of Fundamental Rights. It was subsequently inserted as a constitutional right under Article 300A.
4. **Legal Nature**: Article 300A states, 'No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law.' This makes it a 'Legal Right' (or Constitutional Right), meaning it is protected by law but cannot be enforced as a Fundamental Right in the Supreme Court under Article 32.
5. **Applicability**: Unlike some Fundamental Rights (e.g., Article 15, 16, 19) which are available only to citizens, Article 300A uses the term 'person'. Therefore, this legal right is available to any person (including non-citizens/foreigners) residing in India.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Option (a) is incorrect because the right is not restricted to citizens only.
- Option (c) is incorrect because it ceased to be a Fundamental Right in 1978.
- Option (d) is incorrect because it is explicitly protected as a legal/constitutional right under Article 300A.
Identify the correctly matched pair:
A)
Montreal Protocol – Global Warming
B)
Project Tiger - Lion
C)
Kyoto Protocol – Climate Change
D)
Project Hangul - Deer
Step-by-step analysis of the options:
1. **Montreal Protocol (Option a):** This is incorrectly matched. The Montreal Protocol (1987) is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of ozone-depleting substances (like CFCs), not to address Global Warming directly.
2. **Project Tiger (Option b):** This is incorrectly matched. Project Tiger was launched by the Government of India in 1973 specifically for the conservation of the Tiger (Panthera tigris), not the Lion.
3. **Kyoto Protocol (Option c):** This is correctly matched. The Kyoto Protocol (adopted in 1997) is an international treaty that committed industrialized countries and economies in transition to limit and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with agreed individual targets, specifically to combat Climate Change.
4. **Project Hangul (Option d):** While the Hangul (Kashmir Stag) is a type of deer, 'Project Hangul' is a specific conservation effort for the Kashmir Stag. However, in the context of standard competitive exam matching questions, 'Kyoto Protocol – Climate Change' is the definitive, globally recognized primary match. Furthermore, Project Hangul is a species-specific project, whereas the Kyoto Protocol is the defining treaty for Climate Change.
What was the first regularly published monthly newspaper in Mizo language with early content focusing on “Hmasang Chanchin”?
A)
Lenkawl
B)
Lushai News
C)
KristianTlangau
D)
Mizo leh Vai Chanchinbu
The 'Mizo leh Vai Chanchinbu' is recognized as the first regularly published monthly newspaper in the Mizo language. It was established to bridge the gap between the Mizo people and the outside world (the 'Vai' or outsiders). A significant portion of its early content was dedicated to 'Hmasang Chanchin' (Ancient/Past History), aiming to document the traditions, folklore, and historical accounts of the Mizo people before they were lost.
Comparing other options:
- 'Kristian Tlangau' is a well-known religious publication but focused primarily on Christian gospel and church news rather than general history and news.
- 'Lenkawl' and 'Lushai News' do not hold the distinction of being the first regularly published monthly newspaper focused on 'Hmasang Chanchin'.
The most remarkable contribution made by Welsh missionary, Dr Peter Fraser towards the Mizo society was:
A)
Establishment of Durtlang Hospital
B)
Welfare of orphans
C)
Abolition of slavery (bawi/sal)
D)
Education of children
Dr. Peter Fraser was a Welsh medical missionary who arrived in the Lushai Hills (Mizoram) in the early 20th century. While he contributed significantly to healthcare and general welfare, his most distinct and remarkable social contribution was his persistent effort and advocacy for the abolition of the 'Bawi' and 'Sal' system (forms of slavery/bonded labor) in Mizo society. He worked closely with the British administration to ensure that these oppressive social structures were dismantled, thereby bringing social liberation to a large section of the population.
Regarding other options:
- Option (a): While he provided medical services, the establishment of hospitals was a broader missionary and administrative effort.
- Option (b) and (d): Education and orphan welfare were primary goals of the general Welsh Mission (starting with Savidge and Lorrain), but the specific 'remarkable contribution' attributed to Dr. Fraser in historical contexts of Mizo social reform is the fight against slavery.
Which major river in Mizoram flows northwards and eventually joins the Barak River in Assam?
A)
Tlawng
B)
Chhimtuipui
C)
Kolodyne
D)
Tuirial
The Tlawng River is the largest river in Mizoram. It flows generally in a northwards direction through the state and eventually joins the Barak River in Assam.
Analysis of other options:
- b. Chhimtuipui (Kolodyne): This is the largest river in Mizoram, but it flows southwards and enters Myanmar, eventually joining the Irrawaddy river system.
- c. Kolodyne: This is another name for the Chhimtuipui, which flows south, not north.
- d. Tuirial: While it is a significant river in Mizoram, the Tlawng is the primary major river recognized for its northward course toward the Barak basin.
The theme of Chapchar Kut, 2026 is
A)
Zo Nun Ze Mawi: Tlawmngaihna
B)
Zo Nun Ze Mawi: Inngaihsakna
C)
Zo Nun Ze Mawi: Inlungrualna
D)
Zo Nun Ze Mawi: Inremna
Chapchar Kut is the most significant spring festival of the Mizo people, celebrated after the completion of 'jhum' clearing. For the year 2026, the Government of Mizoram has designated the theme as 'Zo Nun Ze Mawi: Tlawmngaihna'. 'Tlawmngaihna' is a core Mizo social code of ethics emphasizing selflessness, helping others without expectation of reward, and putting the community's needs above one's own. The other options (Inngaihsakna - caring, Inlungrualna - unity/harmony, Inremna - reconciliation) are positive Mizo values but are not the official theme designated for the 2026 celebrations.
The Chalukya Dynasties were in power of Indian medieval history from the reign of 600 to 1200 AD in the state of:
A)
Thanjavur
B)
Deccan
C)
Badami
D)
Kalyani
The Chalukya dynasties were a series of powerful ruling families that dominated the Deccan region (the plateau between the Northern plains and the Southern peninsula) of India between the 6th and 12th centuries AD. There were three major Chalukya branches: the Badami Chalukyas (Early Chalukyas), the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, and the Western Chalukyas of Kalyani. While Badami and Kalyani were specific capitals of these dynasties, the question asks for the 'state' or general geographical region where they were in power. The overarching region for all these dynasties was the Deccan.
Analysis of options:
- a. Thanjavur: This was the capital of the Imperial Cholas, not the Chalukyas.
- b. Deccan: Correct. This is the broad geographical region encompassing the territories of the Badami, Kalyani, and Vengi Chalukyas.
- c. Badami: This was the capital of the first Chalukya dynasty, but it is a city/site, not a 'state' or region.
- d. Kalyani: This was the capital of the later Western Chalukyas, but like Badami, it is a specific city rather than the general region of power.
Anatomy is a branch of Science which deals with:
A)
Structure of animals and plants
B)
Functioning of body organs
C)
Animal behaviour
D)
Cells and tissues
Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the internal and external structures of organisms. It involves the identification and description of the physical arrangement of organs and tissues.
Here is why the other options are incorrect:
- Option (b) 'Functioning of body organs' refers to Physiology, which studies how the body parts work.
- Option (c) 'Animal behaviour' refers to Ethology, the scientific study of animal behavior.
- Option (d) 'Cells and tissues' refers to Cytology (study of cells) and Histology (study of tissues). While anatomy includes these, the broad definition of anatomy focuses on the overall structure of the organism.
Which atmospheric layer contains Ions and helps in wireless communication?
A)
Stratosphere
B)
Mesosphere
C)
Thermosphere
D)
Troposphere
The correct answer is the Thermosphere. Here is the detailed breakdown:
1. **The Thermosphere**: This layer extends from approximately 80 km to 700 km above the Earth's surface. A significant portion of this layer is known as the **Ionosphere**. In this region, high-energy solar radiation strips electrons from gas atoms, creating a layer of ionized particles (ions). These ions reflect radio waves back to Earth, which is the fundamental mechanism that enables long-distance wireless (radio) communication.
2. **Why other options are incorrect**:
- **a. Stratosphere**: This layer (10-50 km) contains the ozone layer which protects Earth from UV radiation, but it does not have the ionization properties required for radio wave reflection.
- **b. Mesosphere**: This layer (50-80 km) is the coldest part of the atmosphere and is where most meteors burn up; it does not facilitate wireless communication.
- **d. Troposphere**: This is the lowest layer (0-10 km) where all weather phenomena occur. It is too dense and lacks the ionization necessary to reflect radio waves.
The Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPWD) Act 2016 increased the types of disabilities from:
A)
7 to 10
B)
7 to 15
C)
7 to 21
D)
7 to 23
The Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPWD) Act, 2016, was enacted to replace the previous Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995. Under the 1995 Act, only 7 disabilities were recognized (blindness, low vision, leprosy cured, hearing impairment, locomotor disability, mental retardation, and mental illness). The 2016 Act expanded this list significantly to 21 specified conditions to ensure a more inclusive approach to social justice and accessibility. The new additions include conditions such as dwarfism, acid attack victims, Parkinson's disease, and various intellectual and learning disabilities (like dyslexia). Therefore, the number of recognized disabilities increased from 7 to 21.
Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution provides administration of tribal areas in the following states:
A)
Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura
B)
Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram
C)
Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Nagaland
D)
Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura
The Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution provides for the administration of tribal areas in four North-Eastern states. These areas are administered through Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) which have legislative, judicial, and executive powers to protect the indigenous culture and land rights of the tribal populations.
1. **Correct Option (a):** The four states covered under the Sixth Schedule are Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram. A common mnemonic to remember this is 'AMTM'.
2. **Incorrect Options (b, c, d):**
- **Manipur** and **Nagaland** (mentioned in options b and c) are not covered under the Sixth Schedule. While they have special provisions under Article 371A and 371C, they do not fall under the Sixth Schedule's ADC framework.
- **Arunachal Pradesh** (mentioned in options c and d) is also not part of the Sixth Schedule; its tribal areas are governed by different administrative mechanisms.
Therefore, only option (a) lists the correct set of states.