← MES Jr. Grade
Past Questions — 2025
Which polymer is used as a substitute of wool in making commercial fibres?
A)
Polytetrafluoroethylene
B)
Buna-N
C)
Polyacrylonitrile
D)
Polythene
Step-by-step reasoning:
1. The question asks for a polymer used as a substitute for wool. Wool is valued for its warmth, softness, and insulating properties.
2. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is the polymer used to create 'Acrylic fibers'. Acrylic fibers are synthetic polymers that closely mimic the physical properties of wool, such as warmth and texture, making them the primary commercial substitute for wool in sweaters, blankets, and carpets.
3. Evaluating other options:
- a. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE): Known as Teflon, it is used for non-stick coatings and gaskets due to its high chemical resistance and low friction.
- b. Buna-N: A synthetic rubber (nitrile rubber) used for oil-resistant seals and hoses, not for textiles.
- d. Polythene (Polyethylene): Used primarily for plastic bags, bottles, and packaging, not as a wool substitute.
Therefore, Polyacrylonitrile is the correct answer.
Who discovered the radio?
A)
Alexander Graham Bell
B)
Guglielmo Marconi
C)
Thomas Edison
D)
Nikola Tesla
Guglielmo Marconi is widely credited with the invention and discovery of the practical radio system. In the late 1890s, he developed the first successful long-distance wireless telegraphy system, eventually sending the first transatlantic radio signal in 1901.
Analysis of other options:
- Alexander Graham Bell: He is credited with the invention of the telephone, which transmits sound via wires, not wireless radio waves.
- Thomas Edison: He was a prolific inventor known for the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the commercialization of the incandescent light bulb.
- Nikola Tesla: While Tesla contributed fundamental research to wireless transmission and held several patents that were crucial to radio's development (and the US Supreme Court later recognized his contributions), Marconi is the standard answer in general science exams for the 'discovery/invention' of the radio as a functional communication system.
A vehicle stops in 20 sec after applying brakes. If the rate of constant retardation is 1.5 m/sec2, what was the initial velocity of the vehicle?
A)
10 m/sec
B)
20 m/sec
C)
30 m/sec
D)
40 m/sec
To find the initial velocity of the vehicle, we use the first equation of motion: v = u + at.
Given data:
1. Final velocity (v) = 0 m/sec (since the vehicle stops).
2. Time taken (t) = 20 sec.
3. Retardation = 1.5 m/sec². Since retardation is negative acceleration, acceleration (a) = -1.5 m/sec².
4. Initial velocity (u) = ?
Substituting the values into the formula:
0 = u + (-1.5 m/sec² × 20 sec)
0 = u - 30 m/sec
u = 30 m/sec
Therefore, the initial velocity of the vehicle was 30 m/sec.
Comparing with the options:
- Option (a) 10 m/sec is incorrect.
- Option (b) 20 m/sec is incorrect.
- Option (c) 30 m/sec is correct.
- Option (d) 40 m/sec is incorrect.
A person who is not a member of the State Legislature can be the Chief Minister for a maximum period of:
A)
1 month
B)
3 months
C)
6 months
D)
12 months
According to the constitutional conventions and the legal framework governing the State Executive in India, the Chief Minister must be a member of the State Legislature. However, a person who is not a member of the State Legislature (either the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council) can be appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor. Such a person must be elected to the State Legislature within a period of six months from the date of their appointment. If they fail to get elected to either house within this six-month window, they cease to hold the office of the Chief Minister. This rule ensures that the head of the government remains accountable to the legislative body. Therefore, the maximum period a non-member can hold the office is 6 months.
When a bus suddenly takes a turn, the passengers are thrown outwards because of:
A)
inertia of motion
B)
acceleration of bus
C)
speed of motion
D)
Both (b) and (c)
The phenomenon described is a classic application of Newton's First Law of Motion, also known as the Law of Inertia. Inertia is the inherent property of an object to resist any change in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line.
1. When a bus is moving in a straight line, the passengers are moving at the same velocity as the bus.
2. When the bus suddenly takes a turn, its direction of motion changes.
3. However, due to the 'inertia of motion', the passengers' bodies tend to continue moving in the original straight-line direction.
4. As the bus moves away from that straight path to follow the curve, the passengers feel as though they are being 'thrown outwards' relative to the bus's new direction.
Why other options are incorrect:
- (b) Acceleration of bus: While the bus is accelerating (centripetal acceleration) to make the turn, the 'throwing' sensation is caused by the passenger's resistance to that change, not the acceleration itself.
- (c) Speed of motion: Speed is a scalar quantity. While higher speed increases the magnitude of the effect, the cause of the outward movement is the change in direction (inertia), not the speed itself.
In which season did Aizawl FC win their maiden I-League title?
A)
2014-15
B)
2015-16
C)
2016-17
D)
2017-18
Aizawl FC, a club based in Mizoram, made history by winning the I-League title in the 2017-18 season. This was a landmark achievement as they became the first club from Northeast India to win the top-tier professional football league in India. They secured the title after a dramatic final matchday, finishing at the top of the table. Options a, b, and c are incorrect because the club had not yet won the league title during those seasons.
Natural uranium contains: 1. U-235 2. U-238 3. U-234 4. U-233 Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
A)
1 and 2
B)
2 and 3
C)
1, 2 and 3
D)
3 and 4
Natural uranium is composed of three naturally occurring isotopes: Uranium-238, Uranium-235, and Uranium-234.
1. **U-238**: The most abundant isotope, making up approximately 99.27% of natural uranium.
2. **U-235**: The fissile isotope used in nuclear reactors and weapons, making up approximately 0.72% of natural uranium.
3. **U-234**: A trace isotope present in very small quantities (approximately 0.0054%), produced by the decay of U-238.
**U-233** (Option 4) is not found naturally. It is a synthetic isotope produced in breeder reactors by the neutron irradiation of Thorium-232.
Therefore, since natural uranium contains U-235, U-238, and U-234, the correct combination is 1, 2, and 3.
The Reserve Bank of India was nationalized in:
A)
1935
B)
1947
C)
1949
D)
1951
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) was established on April 1, 1935, under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, as a private shareholders' bank. Following India's independence, the government decided to nationalize the central bank to ensure it served the public interest and the economic goals of the newly independent nation. The RBI was nationalized on January 1, 1949, through the Reserve Bank (Transfer to Public Ownership) Act, 1948.
Analysis of other options:
- Option (a) 1935: This is the year the RBI was established, but it was established as a private bank, not nationalized.
- Option (b) 1947: This is the year of India's independence, but the legal process for RBI nationalization was completed later.
- Option (d) 1951: This date is incorrect; the nationalization had already occurred in 1949.
Which of the following statements are true of glass wool? I. It has low thermal conductivity II. It is highly fire-resistant III. It absorbs moisture IV. It has good tensile strength
A)
I and II only
B)
I, II, and III only
C)
I, II and IV only
D)
I, and III only
Let's analyze each statement regarding glass wool (a fibrous form of glass used primarily for insulation):
I. Low thermal conductivity: TRUE. Glass wool is designed specifically as a thermal insulator. It traps air within its fibrous structure, which significantly reduces the transfer of heat, resulting in low thermal conductivity.
II. Highly fire-resistant: TRUE. Since it is made from glass (silica), it is non-combustible and can withstand very high temperatures without catching fire, making it an excellent choice for fire-stopping and thermal insulation in buildings.
III. Absorbs moisture: FALSE. Glass wool is generally hydrophobic or treated to be water-repellent. While it can hold water in the gaps between fibers (capillary action), the material itself does not 'absorb' moisture into its chemical structure like a sponge or organic fiber would. In fact, moisture absorption is a disadvantage that manufacturers try to minimize because wet insulation loses its thermal efficiency.
IV. Good tensile strength: FALSE. Glass wool consists of very fine, fragile fibers. While glass as a bulk material has high compressive strength, glass wool as a fibrous mat has very poor tensile strength; it tears easily and cannot support structural loads.
Conclusion: Only statements I and II are correct. Therefore, option (a) is the correct choice.
How many Local Councils were there in Aizawl in the General Election to Local Councils, 2025?
A)
85
B)
87
C)
89
D)
91
In the General Election to Local Councils 2025 conducted in Mizoram, the total number of Local Councils in Aizawl district was 87. These local councils serve as the grassroots administrative units for governance and development within the district. Options a (85), c (89), and d (91) are incorrect as they do not match the official administrative count for the 2025 election cycle.
From which city did the Revolt of 1857 start?
A)
Delhi
B)
Jhansi
C)
Meerut
D)
Kanpur
The Revolt of 1857, also known as the First War of Independence, officially began on May 10, 1857, in the garrison town of Meerut. The uprising was triggered by the introduction of the Enfield rifle, which used cartridges rumored to be greased with cow and pig fat, offending both Hindu and Muslim sepoys. After the sepoys in Meerut mutinied and killed their British officers, they marched toward Delhi to proclaim the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar as the leader of the rebellion.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Delhi: While Delhi became the political center of the revolt and was captured shortly after the Meerut uprising, it was not the starting point.
- Jhansi: Rani Lakshmibai led a significant part of the rebellion in Jhansi, but this occurred later as the revolt spread across Northern and Central India.
- Kanpur: Nana Sahib led the revolt in Kanpur, but this was a regional expansion of the rebellion that had already begun in Meerut.
The Montreal Protocol was associated with which of the following?
A)
Hydrocarbons
B)
Global warming
C)
Ozone layer
D)
Endangered species
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is a landmark international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
1. Why Option (c) is correct: The protocol specifically targets chemicals like Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Halons, which migrate to the stratosphere and break down ozone molecules (O3), leading to the 'ozone hole' and increased UV radiation reaching Earth.
2. Why Option (a) is incorrect: While some hydrocarbons (like HCFCs) were used as transitional substitutes, the protocol is not 'associated with hydrocarbons' in general, but specifically with ozone-depleting chemicals.
3. Why Option (b) is incorrect: Global warming is primarily addressed by the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. Although CFCs are also potent greenhouse gases, the primary objective of the Montreal Protocol is ozone protection, not global warming.
4. Why Option (d) is incorrect: The protection of endangered species is governed by CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), not the Montreal Protocol.
The ‘Kargil War’ took place in which year?
A)
1987
B)
1999
C)
2001
D)
1995
The Kargil War, also known as the Kargil Conflict, was an armed conflict between India and Pakistan that took place between May and July 1999 in the Kargil district of Kashmir. The conflict began when Pakistani soldiers and militants infiltrated across the Line of Control (LoC) into Indian territory. India launched 'Operation Vijay' to reclaim the high-altitude outposts, eventually succeeding in pushing back the infiltrators.
Analysis of other options:
- 1987: No major war occurred between India and Pakistan in this year.
- 2001: While there were tensions (such as the 2001-2002 standoff), no full-scale 'Kargil War' took place.
- 1995: There was no war between India and Pakistan in 1995.
Which Indian state is the largest producer of tea?
A)
Assam
B)
West Bengal
C)
Kerala
D)
Tamil Nadu
Step-by-step reasoning: 1. Analysis of Tea Production in India: India is one of the largest producers of tea globally. The production is concentrated in regions with high rainfall, acidic soil, and well-drained slopes. 2. Evaluating Assam: Assam is the leading producer of tea in India, accounting for more than 50% of the total national production. The Brahmaputra valley provides the ideal tropical climate and fertile alluvial soil required for tea cultivation. 3. Evaluating West Bengal: West Bengal is the second-largest producer, primarily known for the high-quality Darjeeling tea and tea from the Dooars region, but its total volume is significantly lower than Assam's. 4. Evaluating Kerala and Tamil Nadu: While both states produce tea (primarily in the Nilgiri hills and Munnar), their production volumes are much smaller compared to the North-Eastern states. Therefore, Assam is the correct answer.
As per the new income tax rates for FY 2025-26 in the Union Budget 2025, what is the income tax rate for a person earning more than Rs. 24 lakhs per annum?
A)
20%
B)
25%
C)
30%
D)
35%
In the Union Budget 2025, the government introduced revised tax slabs under the New Tax Regime for FY 2025-26 (AY 2026-27). According to the updated slabs, the income tax structure is as follows:
1. Up to ₹4 lakh: Nil
2. ₹4 lakh to ₹8 lakh: 5%
3. ₹8 lakh to ₹12 lakh: 10%
4. ₹12 lakh to ₹16 lakh: 15%
5. ₹16 lakh to ₹20 lakh: 20%
6. ₹20 lakh to ₹24 lakh: 25%
7. Above ₹24 lakh: 30%
Since the question asks for the rate for a person earning more than Rs. 24 lakhs per annum, the applicable rate is the highest slab of 30%. Options a, b, and d are incorrect as they correspond to lower income brackets or rates not applicable to this specific threshold in the current budget.
Which article of the Indian Constitution deals with the election of the President of India?
A)
Article 54
B)
Article 61
C)
Article 70
D)
Article 75
Step-by-step reasoning:
1. Article 54 of the Indian Constitution specifically defines the 'Electoral College' for the election of the President. It states that the President is elected by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both Houses of Parliament and the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States (and the National Capital Territory of Delhi and Puducherry).
2. Analysis of other options:
- Article 61: Deals with the procedure for the impeachment of the President.
- Article 70: Deals with the discharge of the President's functions in other contingencies not provided for in the Constitution.
- Article 75: Deals with other provisions as to Ministers (appointment, tenure, and responsibility), not the President's election.
Therefore, Article 54 is the correct provision regarding the election of the President.
Which is NOT an example of a greenhouse gas?
A)
Methane
B)
Nitrous oxide
C)
Oxygen
D)
Carbon dioxide
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are gases in Earth's atmosphere that trap heat by absorbing infrared radiation, contributing to the greenhouse effect.
1. **Carbon dioxide (CO2)**: A primary greenhouse gas emitted through natural processes and human activities like burning fossil fuels.
2. **Methane (CH4)**: A potent greenhouse gas emitted during the production of coal, natural gas, and oil, as well as from livestock and organic decay in landfills.
3. **Nitrous oxide (N2O)**: A powerful greenhouse gas emitted from agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste.
4. **Oxygen (O2)**: Oxygen is a diatomic molecule with a symmetric structure. Because of this symmetry, it does not absorb infrared radiation and therefore does not contribute to the greenhouse effect. It is a vital gas for respiration but not a greenhouse gas.
Panchayati Raj was first introduced in India in which state?
A)
Maharashtra
B)
Gujarat
C)
Rajasthan
D)
Kerala
The Panchayati Raj system, which aims to establish democratic decentralization in India, was first formally inaugurated in the state of Rajasthan. It was launched on October 2, 1959, at Nagaur district by the then Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. This move was based on the recommendations of the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee (1957), which advocated for a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj (Gram Panchayat at the village level, Panchayat Samiti at the block level, and Zila Parishad at the district level).
Regarding the other options:
- Maharashtra and Gujarat adopted the system shortly after Rajasthan, but they were not the first.
- Kerala has a strong tradition of local self-governance, but the formal introduction of the modern Panchayati Raj system started in Rajasthan.
Right to Vote and to be elected in India is a:
A)
Fundamental Right
B)
Natural Right
C)
Constitutional Right
D)
Legal Right
Step-by-step reasoning:
1. **Analysis of the Right to Vote**: In India, the right to vote is granted by the Constitution under Article 326, which provides for Universal Adult Suffrage. Since it is explicitly mentioned and derived from the Constitution, it is categorized as a Constitutional Right.
2. **Why not a Fundamental Right (Option a)**: Fundamental Rights (Part III of the Constitution) are basic human rights guaranteed to all citizens and are enforceable by the Supreme Court via writs. The right to vote is not listed in Part III. The Supreme Court of India has clarified in various judgments that while the right to vote is a precious right, it is a statutory/constitutional right rather than a fundamental one.
3. **Why not a Natural Right (Option b)**: Natural rights are universal rights that are inherent to all humans by nature (e.g., right to life), regardless of government or law. The right to vote is a political right created and regulated by the state/constitution.
4. **Why not a Legal Right (Option d)**: While the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (a law/statute) regulates the process of elections, the source of the power to vote is the Constitution itself (Article 326). Therefore, it is primarily a Constitutional Right, though it is exercised through legal frameworks.
What is the Assembly Constituency number of Dampa Assembly Constituency?
A)
1
B)
2
C)
3
D)
4
In the state of Mizoram, the Assembly Constituencies (AC) are numbered sequentially. According to the Election Commission of India (ECI) and the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, the constituencies are numbered as follows: 1. Tuipui, 2. Saiha, 3. Dampa, 4. Lawngtlai, and so on. Therefore, Dampa Assembly Constituency is designated as AC number 3. Options a (1), b (2), and d (4) correspond to other constituencies in the state.
Which of the following is also known as the law of inertia?
A)
Newton’s first law
B)
Newton’s second law
C)
Newton’s third law
D)
Newton’s fourth law
Newton's First Law of Motion states that an object will remain at rest, or continue to move at a constant velocity in a straight line, unless acted upon by an external net force. This inherent property of matter to resist any change in its state of motion or rest is called 'inertia'. Therefore, Newton's First Law is fundamentally a description of inertia, earning it the name 'The Law of Inertia'.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Newton's second law (b) defines the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration (F=ma).
- Newton's third law (c) describes the interaction between two bodies (for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction).
- Newton's fourth law (d) does not exist; Newton formulated only three laws of motion.
The coil in an electric heater is made of:
A)
Copper
B)
Nichrome
C)
Tungsten
D)
Iron
An electric heater works on the principle of Joule heating, where electrical energy is converted into heat energy. To achieve this, the heating element must possess two key properties: high electrical resistivity and a high melting point (to prevent the coil from melting at high temperatures).
1. Nichrome (an alloy of Nickel and Chromium) is the ideal material because it has high resistivity, which generates significant heat when current flows through it, and it resists oxidation (rusting) even when red-hot.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Copper (a): It has very low electrical resistivity, meaning it conducts electricity too efficiently to generate significant heat for a heater; it is used for wiring, not heating elements.
- Tungsten (c): While it has an extremely high melting point, it is primarily used for light bulb filaments because it glows brightly (incandescence) and is too brittle/expensive for standard heater coils.
- Iron (d): Iron has a lower melting point than Nichrome and oxidizes (rusts) very quickly when heated to high temperatures, making it unsuitable for long-term use in heaters.
The Articles of the Constitution of India which deal with Directive Principles of State Policy are:
A)
26 to 41
B)
30 to 45
C)
36 to 51
D)
40 to 55
The Constitution of India is divided into several parts. Part IV of the Constitution contains the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP). These principles are guidelines for the government to ensure social and economic justice. The DPSP are enumerated from Article 36 to Article 51.
- Article 36 defines the 'State'.
- Article 37 clarifies that these principles are non-justiciable (cannot be enforced by courts) but are fundamental in the governance of the country.
- Article 40 deals with the organization of village panchayats.
- Article 44 deals with the Uniform Civil Code.
- Article 51 deals with the promotion of international peace and security.
Comparing this to the options:
- Option (a) 26 to 41: Incorrect. Articles 25-35 deal with Fundamental Rights.
- Option (b) 30 to 45: Incorrect. This range overlaps Fundamental Rights and DPSP but does not cover the full scope of DPSP.
- Option (c) 36 to 51: Correct. This is the exact range of Part IV of the Constitution.
- Option (d) 40 to 55: Incorrect. This range starts mid-way through DPSP and extends into the provisions regarding the President of India.
The principle of ‘Sustainable Development’ emphasizes:
A)
Economic growth only
B)
Environmental protection only
C)
Growth without compromising future needs
D)
Industrialization only
The concept of 'Sustainable Development' was most famously defined in the 1987 Brundtland Report (Our Common Future) as 'development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.' It seeks to balance three pillars: economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection.
- Option (a) is incorrect because focusing only on economic growth often leads to resource depletion and pollution.
- Option (b) is incorrect because environmental protection alone, without considering human development and economic needs, is not 'development'.
- Option (d) is incorrect because industrialization is a means of growth, but if done without sustainability, it destroys the ecosystem.
- Option (c) correctly captures the essence of intergenerational equity, which is the core principle of sustainable development.
Which Sustainable Development Goal is associated with industry, innovation and infrastructure?
A)
SDG 7
B)
SDG 8
C)
SDG 9
D)
SDG 10
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a collection of 17 interlinked global goals designed to be a 'blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all,' established by the United Nations in 2015.
- SDG 9 is specifically titled 'Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure.' Its objective is to build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation.
Analysis of other options:
- SDG 7: Focuses on 'Affordable and Clean Energy.'
- SDG 8: Focuses on 'Decent Work and Economic Growth.'
- SDG 10: Focuses on 'Reduced Inequalities.'
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.