← AD (Town Planning)
Past Questions — 2026
Workforce participation rate represents:
A)
Employed population as % of total population
B)
Working population as % of total population
C)
Working population as % of adult population
D)
Employed population as % of households
Workforce participation rate (also called labor force participation rate in many contexts) indicates the proportion of the working-age/adult population that is economically active or in the workforce. Among the given options, this is best matched by 'Working population as % of adult population.' Option (a) is wrong because it refers only to the employed population, not the whole workforce. Option (b) is too broad and does not specify the adult/working-age base. Option (d) is incorrect because households are not the standard denominator.
What are the factors affecting per capita demand?
A)
Size of city
B)
Size of city, habit of people
C)
Cost of water, quality of water, size of city
D)
Cost of water, quality of water, size of city, habit of people
Per capita water demand is influenced by several social and physical factors. The important ones among the given options are: cost of water, quality of water, size of city, and habits of people. A larger city generally has higher demand due to more domestic and commercial use, while people’s habits affect consumption patterns. Cost and quality of water also directly influence how much water is used. Hence, option (d) is correct. Options (a), (b), and (c) are incomplete because they list only some of the factors.
What is a mixed economy?
A)
Modern and traditional industries
B)
Public and Private Sectors
C)
Foreign and domestic investments
D)
Commercial and subsistence farming
A mixed economy is an economic system in which both the public sector (government-owned enterprises and state control) and the private sector (individuals and private firms) coexist and operate together. Option (b) correctly describes this. The other options refer to different combinations of industries, investments, or farming types, not the definition of a mixed economy.
One of the following method falls under non-deterministic approach or the probabilistic approach:
A)
PERT
B)
CPM
C)
GANTT chart
D)
Bar chart
PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) is a non-deterministic or probabilistic project management method because it uses three time estimates and accounts for uncertainty in activity durations. CPM, Gantt chart, and Bar chart are generally deterministic tools, used when activity times are known or fixed.
Under which policy do public sector enterprises set prices such that total revenue equals total cost (no profit, no loss)?
A)
No-Profit No-Loss Policy
B)
Marginal Cost Pricing
C)
Profit-price policy
D)
Price skimming
Under the No-Profit No-Loss Policy, public sector enterprises fix prices so that total revenue exactly equals total cost. This means the enterprise neither earns profit nor incurs loss.
Why others are incorrect:
- (b) Marginal Cost Pricing: prices are based on marginal cost, which may not cover total cost.
- (c) Profit-price policy: aims to earn profit, not break even.
- (d) Price skimming: a marketing strategy of setting a high initial price, unrelated to break-even pricing in public enterprises.
In project planning, a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is mainly used to:
A)
Divide work into manageable components
B)
Estimate project financing
C)
Allocate legal responsibilities
D)
Fix contract conditions
A Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a project planning tool used to break a project into smaller, manageable tasks or deliverables. This helps in organizing, scheduling, and controlling the work effectively. It is not primarily used for financing, legal responsibility allocation, or fixing contract conditions.
For a project activity of 7 days optimistic time, 8 days most likely time and 15 days pessimistic time, the expected duration is:
A)
5 days
B)
13 days
C)
9 days
D)
11 days
This is a PERT time estimate problem. Expected duration = (Optimistic + 4 × Most likely + Pessimistic) / 6. Substituting the values: (7 + 4×8 + 15) / 6 = (7 + 32 + 15) / 6 = 54 / 6 = 9 days. Hence, the correct answer is 9 days. The other options do not match the PERT calculation.
Stormwater drains are designed primarily to:
A)
Supply irrigation water
B)
Remove surface runoff
C)
Recharge reservoirs
D)
Accommodate heavy rainfall
Stormwater drains are built to collect and carry away rainwater flowing over the ground surface, i.e., surface runoff, so that roads and urban areas do not get waterlogged or flooded. Option (a) is incorrect because irrigation water supply is a separate system. Option (c) is incorrect because recharging reservoirs is not the primary function of stormwater drains. Option (d) is too general: drains are designed to handle rainfall-induced runoff, but their main purpose is specifically to remove surface runoff.
The particular task performance in CPM is known as:
A)
Dummy
B)
Event
C)
Activity
D)
Contract
In CPM (Critical Path Method), the actual task or work performed is called an **activity**. An **event** is a point in time marking the start or finish of activities. A **dummy** is a zero-duration element used only to show logical dependency, and a **contract** is not a CPM term.
As per the 74th Amendment, how many functional items are listed under the purview of Municipalities?
A)
29 items
B)
18 items
C)
12 items
D)
24 items
The 74th Constitutional Amendment inserted the 12th Schedule in the Constitution, which lists the functions of Municipalities. It contains 18 items in the original list? No—under the 74th Amendment, the 12th Schedule actually has 18 functional items for Municipalities, but since your options do not include 18 as the standard constitutional answer? Wait: the correct constitutional number is 18. Therefore, among the given options, option (b) is correct.
The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act makes provisions for: 1. Constitution and Composition of a Municipality 2. Personnel system in a Municipality 3. Relations between elected members (executive) of a municipality and the bureaucracy Choose the correct option from the options given below:
A)
Only 1
B)
1 and 2
C)
1 and 3
D)
1, 2 and 3
The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 deals with urban local bodies (Municipalities). It provides for: (1) the constitution and composition of municipalities, (2) provisions relating to municipal personnel and staffing, and (3) the relationship and functional framework between elected municipal bodies and the bureaucracy/administration. Therefore, all three statements are correct.
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act mainly relates to:
A)
Urban local governance
B)
Metropolitan planning
C)
Rural local governance
D)
Regional development authorities
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions, which are the institutions of rural local self-government. It deals with village, intermediate, and district-level Panchayats. Urban local governance is covered by the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, not the 73rd. Metropolitan planning and regional development authorities are not the main subject of the 73rd Amendment.
What is the role of ‘The Real Estate(Regulation and Development) Act?
A)
Slum improvement and up-gradation
B)
Urban poverty alleviation
C)
Facilitating land supply and market
D)
Provision of urban amenities and facilities
The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (RERA) is meant to regulate and promote the real estate sector, protect homebuyers, and ensure transparency and accountability in property development. Among the given options, the closest and correct role related to real estate development and urban infrastructure is provision of urban amenities and facilities. The other options refer to different urban development functions: slum improvement, poverty alleviation, and land market facilitation are not the primary role of RERA.
As per IS 10500-2012, the acceptable limit for chloramine content in drinking water is _____mg/l
A)
10
B)
8
C)
4
D)
25
As per IS 10500:2012 (Drinking Water Specification), the acceptable limit for chloramine in drinking water is 4 mg/l. Hence, option (c) is correct. The other options do not match the standard permissible value.
What is a primary focus of Urban Economics?
A)
Global trade patterns
B)
The spatial organization of firms and households within cities
C)
Monetary policy
D)
Agricultural subsidies
Urban Economics studies how economic activity is arranged in urban areas, especially the location decisions of firms and households, land use, housing, transport, and city growth. Hence, the primary focus is the spatial organization of firms and households within cities. The other options relate to different fields: global trade patterns are international economics, monetary policy is macroeconomics, and agricultural subsidies belong to agricultural/public policy economics.
Which of the following is NOT a major classified solid waste in India?
A)
Hazardous Waste
B)
Plastic Waste
C)
Agricultural Waste
D)
Construction & Demolition Waste
In India, major classified solid waste streams commonly include hazardous waste, plastic waste, and construction & demolition waste under specific waste-management rules. Agricultural waste is generally not listed as a major classified municipal solid waste category in this context; it is usually treated separately as biomass or farm residue.
Which factor is generally considered crucial for locating industries?
A)
Proximity to leisure facilities
B)
Easy access to raw materials, labour, and transportation
C)
High population density
D)
Government tax incentives only
Industries are usually located where key production needs are readily available. Access to raw materials reduces transport cost and delays, availability of labour supports production, and good transportation helps movement of inputs and finished goods. The other options are not generally crucial on their own: leisure facilities are secondary, high population density is not always necessary, and tax incentives alone cannot determine industrial location.
IRR (Internal Rate of Return) is a crucial financial metric representing the ______
A)
Annualized rate of return an investment is expected to generate
B)
Quarterly rate of return
C)
Break-Even point
D)
Annual interest
IRR (Internal Rate of Return) is the discount rate at which the net present value of an investment becomes zero. In simple terms, it represents the annualized rate of return expected from the investment. Option (b) is wrong because IRR is not a quarterly measure. Option (c) is wrong because break-even point refers to no profit/no loss, not the return rate. Option (d) is incomplete and incorrect because IRR is not simply the same as annual interest; it is a project evaluation metric based on cash flows.
Which of the following statements regarding land acquisition as per the Act of 2013 is FALSE?
A)
Acquisition process is undertaken in consultation with Local Self Government
B)
There is provision for rehabilitation for all the affected families
C)
The purposes for which land can be acquired has been mentioned
D)
Central Government directly acquires the land and transfers it to concerned agency
Under the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, land acquisition is not described as the Central Government directly acquiring land and transferring it to an agency in the usual manner. The Act requires a structured process with social impact assessment, consultation with Local Self Government, and rehabilitation and resettlement provisions for affected families. It also specifies the purposes for which land may be acquired. Therefore, option (d) is false, while (a), (b), and (c) are correct statements.
A Dead-end System in water distribution is also known as:
A)
Gridiron system
B)
Ring system
C)
Tree system
D)
Radial system
A dead-end system in water distribution is the same as a tree system, because the mains branch out like a tree and terminate at dead ends. In this layout, water flow is in one direction and the lines end without forming loops. Gridiron, ring, and radial systems are different network arrangements and are not dead-end systems.
What is the term for the process of using living organisms to clean up or reduce environmental pollution?
A)
Bioremediation
B)
Overconsumption
C)
Soil erosion
D)
Greenwashing
Bioremediation is the use of living organisms such as bacteria, fungi, or plants to break down or remove pollutants from contaminated soil, water, or air. It is a pollution-cleanup technique in environmental engineering. The other options are incorrect: overconsumption means excessive use of resources, soil erosion is the wearing away of topsoil, and greenwashing is misleadingly presenting something as environmentally friendly.
A residential zone has a population of 12,000 and per-capita demand of 135 LPCD. If the maximum day factor = 1.8, what is the maximum daily demand?
A)
2.16 MLD
B)
2.43 MLD
C)
2.92 MLD
D)
3.24 MLD
Average daily demand = Population × per-capita demand = 12,000 × 135 LPCD = 1,620,000 L/day = 1.62 MLD.
Maximum daily demand = Average daily demand × maximum day factor = 1.62 × 1.8 = 2.916 MLD ≈ 2.92 MLD.
So the correct answer is (c).
Gini Coefficient of 1.0 represents:
A)
Perfect equality
B)
Perfect inequality
C)
Zero population
D)
Maximum density
The Gini coefficient measures income or wealth inequality on a scale from 0 to 1. A value of 0 means perfect equality, where everyone has the same income or wealth. A value of 1 means perfect inequality, where one person has all the income/wealth and everyone else has none. Therefore, 1.0 represents perfect inequality. The other options are incorrect because perfect equality corresponds to 0, and the remaining choices are unrelated to the Gini coefficient.
Stratified sampling is preferred when:
A)
Population is homogeneous
B)
Area is small
C)
Population is heterogeneous
D)
Budget is unlimited
Stratified sampling is used when the population has distinct subgroups or strata that differ from one another, i.e., the population is heterogeneous. The population is first divided into homogeneous strata, and then samples are drawn from each stratum to ensure proper representation. Option (a) is wrong because if the population is homogeneous, simple random sampling is usually sufficient. Option (b) is irrelevant because area size does not determine the choice of stratified sampling. Option (d) is also incorrect because budget is not the key criterion for stratified sampling.
Which of the following helps in reduction of rain water runoff and mitigating of urban flooding? 1. Tree cover 2. Permeable concrete blocks 3. Lawns 4. Paver blocks Which of the above statements are correct?
A)
1, 2 and 4
B)
1, 3 and 4
C)
1, 2, 3 and 4
D)
1, 2 and 3
All four measures help reduce rainwater runoff and thereby mitigate urban flooding. Tree cover increases interception and infiltration, lawns absorb water and slow down surface flow, permeable concrete blocks allow water to percolate into the ground, and paver blocks (when used as permeable/porous paving or with joints) reduce impervious surface area and improve drainage. Hence, all statements are correct.