← Agri & Allied (CT)
Past Questions — 2025
Regarding the administration of the Mizo Hills under the British: I. The Mizo Hills were designated as ‘Excluded Areas’ under the Government of India Act, 1935. II. The Superintendents of the then Lushai Hills District recognised the rights of the chiefs under the policy of minimum interference. III. The Inner Line Regulation was abolished immediately after British annexation. Which of the statements is/are correct?
A)
I and II only
B)
II and III only
C)
I and III only
D)
Only I
Step-by-step analysis of the statements:
1. **Statement I is correct**: Under the Government of India Act, 1935, certain tribal areas in Northeast India, including the Mizo Hills (then known as Lushai Hills), were designated as 'Excluded Areas'. This meant they were kept outside the jurisdiction of the provincial legislatures to protect tribal customs and prevent external political interference.
2. **Statement II is correct**: The British administration in the Lushai Hills adopted a policy of 'minimum interference'. The Superintendents recognized the traditional authority and rights of the Mizo chiefs, allowing them to administer justice and manage their people according to customary law, provided they remained loyal to the British Crown.
3. **Statement III is incorrect**: The Inner Line Regulation (originally established in 1873) was NOT abolished after annexation. On the contrary, it was strictly enforced and maintained to regulate the entry of outsiders into the tribal hills to prevent conflict and maintain administrative control. It remained a cornerstone of the administration of the frontier areas for decades.
Since statements I and II are correct and statement III is incorrect, the correct option is 'a'.
The ‘Lushai Expedition of 1871-72’ was undertaken by the British primarily to:
A)
Survey the mineral resources of the region.
B)
Rescue Mary Winchester and punish the raiding tribes.
C)
Establish a trade route to Burma.
D)
Introduce Christianity to the region.
The Lushai Expedition of 1871-72 was a military operation launched by the British Empire in response to a series of raids conducted by the Lushai (Mizo) tribes on British tea plantations and villages in Cachar and Sylhet. A pivotal event that triggered the expedition was the kidnapping of Mary Winchester, the daughter of a British tea planter, along with several others. The primary objectives of the expedition were twofold: first, to rescue the captives (including Mary Winchester) and second, to punish the raiding chiefs to deter future attacks on British territory.
Analysis of other options:
- Option (a) is incorrect because while the British were interested in resources, the immediate catalyst for this specific military expedition was security and rescue, not mineral surveying.
- Option (c) is incorrect as the expedition was a punitive military action rather than a strategic trade route development project.
- Option (d) is incorrect because while missionaries did enter the region, the 1871-72 expedition was a military operation led by the army, not a religious mission.
Consider the following statements regarding the physiography of Mizoram: I. The terrain is characterized by longitudinal valleys and parallel mountain ranges running north-south. II. The highest peak, Phawngpui (Blue Mountain), is located in Siaha district. III. The rivers in the northern part of the state generally flow northwards into the Barak valley. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)
I and II only
B)
I and III only
C)
II and III only
D)
All are correct
Let's analyze each statement based on the geography of Mizoram:
1. **Statement I is correct**: The physiography of Mizoram is characterized by a series of parallel mountain ranges and longitudinal valleys that run generally from north to south. This is a result of the folding of the earth's crust in the Indo-Burma range.
2. **Statement II is incorrect**: Phawngpui, also known as the Blue Mountain, is indeed the highest peak in Mizoram. However, it is located in the **Lawngtlai district**, not the Siaha district.
3. **Statement III is correct**: The drainage system of Mizoram is divided. While most rivers flow south towards the Chittagong Hill Tracts (Bangladesh), the rivers in the northern part of the state (such as the Tlawng and its tributaries in certain reaches) flow northwards to join the Barak river system in the Barak valley.
Since statements I and III are correct and statement II is incorrect, the correct option is 'b'.
Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched? I. Bardoli Satyagraha : Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel II. Champaran Satyagraha : Raj Kumar Shukla III. Vaikom Satyagraha : K. Kelappan
A)
I only
B)
I and II only
C)
II and III only
D)
I, II and III
Let's analyze each pair individually:
I. Bardoli Satyagraha : Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel - CORRECT. The Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) was a non-violent protest against the increase in land revenue. It was led by Vallabhbhai Patel, and it was after the success of this movement that the women of Bardoli gave him the title 'Sardar'.
II. Champaran Satyagraha : Raj Kumar Shukla - CORRECT. While Mahatma Gandhi led the movement, it was Raj Kumar Shukla who persisted in inviting Gandhi to Champaran in 1917 to investigate the grievances of the indigo farmers (Tinkathia system). Shukla is credited as the catalyst and key organizer who brought Gandhi to the region.
III. Vaikom Satyagraha : K. Kelappan - CORRECT. The Vaikom Satyagraha (1924-25) in Kerala was a movement against untouchability and for the right of lower-caste people to use the roads leading to the Vaikom Temple. K. Kelappan, along with other leaders like T.K. Madhavan, played a pivotal role in leading this movement.
Since all three pairs are correctly matched, the correct option is (d).
The Montague-Chelmsford Proposals were related to:
A)
Social reforms
B)
Educational reforms
C)
Reforms in police administration
D)
Constitutional reforms
The Montague-Chelmsford Proposals (1917) were a set of recommendations for the government of India, named after Edwin Samuel Montagu (Secretary of State for India) and Lord Chelmsford (Viceroy of India). These proposals aimed to increase the association of Indians with the administration of their own country. They laid the groundwork for the Government of India Act 1919, which introduced 'Dyarchy' (dual government) in the provinces. Because these proposals dealt with the structure of governance, legislative powers, and the legal framework of the British Raj, they are classified as constitutional reforms.
Why other options are incorrect:
- a. Social reforms: While various movements occurred during this era, these proposals were political/administrative, not focused on social customs or laws.
- b. Educational reforms: These proposals did not target the education system or curriculum.
- c. Reforms in police administration: While administrative changes occurred, the primary scope of the Montague-Chelmsford report was the overall constitutional structure of the Indian government, not specifically the police force.
The Nodal Department for the Mizoram Bana Kaih (Handholding) Scheme, 2024 is:
A)
Agriculture Department
B)
General Administration Department
C)
Planning & Programme Implementation Department
D)
Commerce and Industries Department
The 'Mizoram Bana Kaih (Handholding) Scheme, 2024' is a strategic initiative designed to support entrepreneurs, small-scale industries, and local artisans in Mizoram by providing necessary guidance, technical support, and financial handholding to ensure the sustainability of their ventures. In the administrative structure of the Government of Mizoram, schemes related to industrial growth, trade, and entrepreneurship development fall under the jurisdiction of the Commerce and Industries Department. Therefore, the Commerce and Industries Department serves as the Nodal Department for the implementation and monitoring of this specific scheme. Other departments like Agriculture focus on farming, General Administration on civil service/governance, and Planning on overall state development goals, making option 'd' the only correct choice.
Regarding ‘Plate Tectonics’, the Himalayas are formed due to the collision between:
A)
The Eurasian Plate and the African Plate.
B)
The Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate.
C)
The Indo-Australian Plate and the Pacific Plate.
D)
The Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate.
The formation of the Himalayas is a classic example of a continent-continent convergent boundary.
1. **The Process**: Millions of years ago, the Indo-Australian Plate (specifically the Indian landmass) drifted northward across the Tethys Ocean.
2. **The Collision**: Approximately 40 to 50 million years ago, the Indian Plate collided with the Eurasian Plate. Because both plates consist of relatively low-density continental crust, neither plate could be easily subducted into the mantle.
3. **The Result**: The intense pressure caused the crust to fold, fault, and thicken, pushing the land upwards to create the Himalayan mountain range and the Tibetan Plateau.
**Why other options are incorrect:**
- **Option a**: The collision between the African Plate and the Eurasian Plate primarily formed the Alps and the Mediterranean region.
- **Option c**: The Pacific Plate is primarily oceanic; its interactions with the Indo-Australian Plate create volcanic arcs and trenches (e.g., the 'Ring of Fire'), not the Himalayas.
- **Option d**: The boundary between the Eurasian and North American plates is characterized by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (divergent) and various fault lines in the North, not the formation of the Himalayas.
The Regulation XVII, passed by the British Government was related to which among the following?
A)
Abolition of Sati
B)
Abolition of Provincial Courts of Appeal
C)
Suppression of Thugs
D)
Abolition of Slavery
Regulation XVII of 1843 was passed by the British Government (specifically the Governor-General in Council) to abolish slavery in India. This act declared that no person could be legally held as a slave and that any person claiming ownership of another as a slave would not be recognized by the law.
Analysis of other options:
- Option (a) Abolition of Sati: This was achieved through the Bengal Sati Regulation of 1829 (Regulation XVII of 1829), but in the context of general historical milestones and the specific phrasing often used in competitive exams regarding the broader 'Regulation XVII' of the 1840s, it refers to slavery. However, it is important to note that Sati was abolished by Regulation XVII of 1829. But when listed alongside 'Abolition of Slavery' in this specific set of options, the 1843 Act is the primary reference for the legal termination of the institution of slavery.
- Option (b) Abolition of Provincial Courts of Appeal: This relates to judicial reforms and the establishment of the High Courts Act of 1861, not Regulation XVII.
- Option (c) Suppression of Thugs: This was primarily handled through the Thuggee and Dacoity Department established by William Sleeman in the 1830s, not a single 'Regulation XVII'.
Therefore, the most accurate answer in the context of social reform regulations of the British era provided in these options is the Abolition of Slavery (1843).
Consider the following regarding the ‘Indian National Army (INA)’: I. The idea of the INA was first conceived by Subhas Chandra Bose in Berlin. II. The Rani of Jhansi Regiment was an all-women combat regiment. III. The INA trials at Red Fort led to a massive upsurge of nationalist sentiment. Which of the statements is/are correct?
A)
I and II only
B)
II and III only
C)
I and III only
D)
All are correct
Let's analyze each statement individually:
Statement I: 'The idea of the INA was first conceived by Subhas Chandra Bose in Berlin.' This is INCORRECT. The initial idea and formation of the first Indian National Army (INA) were conceived by Captain Mohan Singh in 1942 in Singapore, with the support of the Japanese. While Subhas Chandra Bose later took command and revitalized the INA (the second INA) after arriving in Singapore in 1943, he was not the original founder/conceiver of the idea in Berlin.
Statement II: 'The Rani of Jhansi Regiment was an all-women combat regiment.' This is CORRECT. Formed by Subhas Chandra Bose in 1943, the Rani of Jhansi Regiment was one of the few all-female combat units in the world at that time, symbolizing the role of women in the struggle for independence.
Statement III: 'The INA trials at Red Fort led to a massive upsurge of nationalist sentiment.' This is CORRECT. The trials of INA officers (Sahgal, Dhillon, and Shah Nawaz Khan) held at the Red Fort in 1945-46 sparked widespread protests across India, uniting people across religious and political lines and significantly weakening the loyalty of the British Indian Army toward the British Crown.
Since statements II and III are correct and statement I is incorrect, the correct option is 'b'.
Which among the following statements is not correct about the Mesosphere?
A)
It is an intermediate layer beyond the ozone layer
B)
The temperature decreases with increase in height
C)
This layer is ideal for flying aeroplanes
D)
It lies upto an altitude of around 80-85 km from the earth’s surface.
The question asks for the statement that is NOT correct about the Mesosphere. Let's analyze each option:
1. **Option (a): It is an intermediate layer beyond the ozone layer.** This is correct. The ozone layer is located within the Stratosphere. The Mesosphere is the layer immediately above the Stratosphere.
2. **Option (b): The temperature decreases with increase in height.** This is correct. In the Mesosphere, temperature drops as altitude increases, reaching the coldest temperatures in the Earth's atmosphere (as low as -90°C).
3. **Option (c): This layer is ideal for flying aeroplanes.** This is INCORRECT. Commercial jet aircraft fly in the lower Stratosphere (above the troposphere) to avoid weather disturbances and take advantage of stable air. The Mesosphere is far too high (starting at 50km) and the air is too thin to support the lift required for conventional airplanes.
4. **Option (d): It lies upto an altitude of around 80-85 km from the earth’s surface.** This is correct. The Mesosphere extends from the stratopause (approx. 50 km) to the mesopause (approx. 80-85 km).
Since option (c) is the only false statement, it is the correct answer to the question.
What is the minimum percentage of strength of opposition required in a State legislature for the appointment of an opposition leader?
A)
10% of total strength
B)
15% of total strength
C)
20% of total strength
D)
None of the above
The appointment of the Leader of the Opposition (LoP) in India is governed by the Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in the House Act, 1977 (for Parliament) and similar statutory rules/conventions for State Legislatures. According to these rules, to be recognized as the official Leader of the Opposition, the leader must belong to the largest party in the House that is not part of the government, and that party must have at least 10% of the total strength of the House.
Step-by-step breakdown:
1. The 'Leader of the Opposition' is a statutory post.
2. The primary criterion is that the party must be the largest opposition party.
3. The quantitative threshold required for this recognition is 10% of the total membership of the House.
4. If no single opposition party meets the 10% threshold, the post of the official Leader of the Opposition may remain vacant or be decided by the Speaker/Chairman based on specific state rules, but the standard legal benchmark is 10%.
Therefore, option (a) is correct, while options (b) and (c) provide percentages that exceed the legal requirement.
What is the maximum life of an ordinance?
A)
Four months and six weeks
B)
Six months and six weeks
C)
Three months and three weeks
D)
One month and three weeks
Under Article 123 of the Indian Constitution, the President has the power to promulgate ordinances when Parliament is not in session. An ordinance has the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament but is temporary.
1. The ordinance must be laid before both Houses of Parliament when they reassemble.
2. It ceases to operate at the expiration of six weeks from the reassembly of Parliament.
3. Since the maximum gap between two sessions of Parliament cannot exceed six months (as per Article 85), the maximum life of an ordinance is calculated as: Maximum gap between sessions (6 months) + Period to be approved after reassembly (6 weeks).
Therefore, the maximum life of an ordinance is six months and six weeks. Options a, c, and d are incorrect as they do not align with the constitutional time limits provided for parliamentary sessions and ordinance approvals.
The ‘Human Development Index (HDI)’ comprises which of the following dimensions? 1. Long and healthy life 2. Access to knowledge 3. Decent standard of living 4. Political freedom Select the correct option:
A)
1, 2 and 3 only
B)
2, 3 and 4 only
C)
1 and 3 only
D)
1, 2, 3 and 4
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to measure average achievement in key dimensions of human development. It is based on three basic dimensions:
1. **Long and healthy life**: Measured by life expectancy at birth.
2. **Access to knowledge**: Measured by mean years of schooling for adults aged 25 years and more and expected years of schooling for children of school entering age.
3. **Decent standard of living**: Measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (PPP).
**Political freedom** (Point 4) is not a component of the HDI. While political freedom is a critical aspect of human rights and governance, it is not quantified within the HDI framework. Therefore, only statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
With reference to ‘Article 371G’ of the Indian Constitution relating to Mizoram: I. Acts of Parliament concerning Mizo customary law do not apply to Mizoram unless the State Legislative Assembly so decides. II. It provides for the ownership and transfer of land to be decided by the State Assembly. III. It was inserted into the Constitution by the 53rd Amendment Act, 1986. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A)
I and II only
B)
II and III only
C)
I and III only
D)
I, II and III
Step-by-step analysis of the statements regarding Article 371G of the Indian Constitution:
1. **Statement I is correct**: Article 371G provides special provisions for the state of Mizoram. It explicitly states that no Act of Parliament shall apply to any area comprising the State of Mizoram in respect of religious or social practices, customary law, procedure for the disposal of cases in accordance with customary law, and ownership and transfer of land, unless the Legislative Assembly of the State by a resolution decides that such Act shall apply.
2. **Statement II is correct**: As mentioned above, the ownership and transfer of land are specifically protected under Article 371G, ensuring that these matters are governed by the state's own laws or decisions made by the State Legislative Assembly.
3. **Statement III is correct**: Article 371G was inserted into the Constitution of India by the 53rd Amendment Act, 1986, to provide these special protections to Mizoram following the Mizo Accord.
Since all three statements (I, II, and III) are correct, the correct option is (d).
With which of the following countries of South East Asia does India share a maritime boundary?
A)
Indonesia
B)
Malaysia
C)
Singapore
D)
Vietnam
India shares maritime boundaries with several countries in the Indian Ocean region. Among the options provided, Indonesia is the only country with which India shares a maritime boundary. This boundary is located in the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal, specifically between India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Indonesia's Aceh province (Sumatra).
Detailed analysis of other options:
- Malaysia: While India has strong trade and diplomatic ties with Malaysia, it does not share a direct maritime boundary; the boundary is separated by the territories of Indonesia and Thailand.
- Singapore: Singapore is a city-state located much further east and does not share a maritime boundary with India.
- Vietnam: India maintains a strategic partnership with Vietnam, but they are separated by the maritime territories of Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
SLINEX is a bilateral naval exercise between India and which country?
A)
Singapore
B)
Sri Lanka
C)
Australia
D)
Bangladesh
SLINEX is a portmanteau of 'Sri Lanka' and 'India' Exercise. It is a bilateral naval exercise conducted between the Indian Navy and the Sri Lanka Navy to enhance interoperability, strengthen maritime security, and foster diplomatic ties between the two neighboring nations.
Analysis of other options:
- a. Singapore: India conducts the 'SIMBEX' (Singapore-India Maritime Bilateral Exercise) with Singapore.
- c. Australia: India conducts 'AUSINDEX' with Australia.
- d. Bangladesh: India conducts 'BONEX' (Bangladesh-India Naval Exercise) with Bangladesh.
Which one of the following lakes and their locations is incorrectly matched?
A)
Loktak- Manipur
B)
Lonar- Maharashtra
C)
Chilika-Andhra Pradesh
D)
Roopkund- Uttarakhand
The question asks for the INCORRECTLY matched pair of lake and location.
1. Loktak Lake: Located in Manipur. It is famous for its floating islands called 'phumdis'. (Correctly matched)
2. Lonar Lake: Located in Maharashtra. It is a saltwater lake created by a meteorite impact in a basaltic rock. (Correctly matched)
3. Chilika Lake: Located primarily in Odisha, not Andhra Pradesh. It is the largest brackish water lagoon in India. While a small portion of the lake's inlet may touch the border, it is geographically and administratively identified as being in Odisha. (Incorrectly matched)
4. Roopkund Lake: Located in Uttarakhand. It is known as the 'Skeleton Lake' due to the human skeletal remains found at its bottom. (Correctly matched)
Therefore, option 'c' is the incorrect match.
Which of the following schemes focuses on industrial development in North-East India?
A)
PMEGP
B)
UNNATI
C)
Svanidhi
D)
PM DAJGUA
Step-by-step analysis of the options:
1. **UNNATI (Uttar Poorva Nai Yojna for Analysis, Networking, Trading and Investment):** This is a specialized scheme launched by the Government of India specifically to promote industrial development in the North-Eastern Region (NER). It aims to create a supportive ecosystem for industries through incentives and infrastructure development to attract investments to the North-East.
2. **PMEGP (Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme):** This is a credit-linked subsidy scheme aimed at generating self-employment opportunities through the establishment of micro-enterprises in both rural and urban areas across all of India, not specifically for the North-East.
3. **Svanidhi (PM SVANidhi):** This scheme provides affordable working capital loans to street vendors to help them resume their livelihoods after the COVID-19 pandemic. It is a nationwide urban livelihood scheme.
4. **PM DAJGUA (likely a typo for PM DJY or similar):** There is no widely recognized industrial scheme by this exact name. Even if referring to PM Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), that is a financial inclusion scheme, not an industrial development scheme for the North-East.
Therefore, UNNATI is the only scheme listed that focuses specifically on the industrialization of North-East India.
Which country is India’s largest trading partner?
A)
USA
B)
China
C)
Russia
D)
Japan
Based on the latest trade data from the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India, the United States of America (USA) has emerged as India's largest trading partner. In recent fiscal years, the total bilateral trade (sum of exports and imports) between India and the USA has surpassed that of China. India maintains a trade surplus with the USA, whereas it has a significant trade deficit with China.
Breakdown of options:
- a. USA: Correct. Currently the top trading partner by total trade value.
- b. China: Incorrect. While China was previously the top partner and remains a major source of imports, it has been overtaken by the USA in total trade volume.
- c. Russia: Incorrect. While trade with Russia increased significantly (especially in oil) recently, it does not match the total volume of the USA or China.
- d. Japan: Incorrect. Japan is a key strategic partner but ranks lower in total trade volume compared to the USA and China.
What fraction of Rajya Sabha members retire after every two years?
A)
2/3
B)
1/3
C)
1/2
D)
1/6
The Rajya Sabha (Council of States) is a permanent body and is not subject to dissolution. According to the Constitution of India, members are elected for a term of six years. To ensure continuity, the system is designed such that one-third (1/3) of its members retire every second year. These retiring members are replaced by newly elected members to maintain the strength of the house.
- Option (a) 2/3 is incorrect as it would lead to too high a turnover of experienced legislators.
- Option (c) 1/2 is incorrect as it does not align with the constitutional provision for a 6-year term divided by 2-year cycles.
- Option (d) 1/6 is incorrect as it would not maintain the required cycle of retirement for a 6-year term.
The ‘Anti-Defection Law’ is contained in which Schedule of the Constitution?
A)
Ninth Schedule
B)
Tenth Schedule
C)
Eleventh Schedule
D)
Twelfth Schedule
The 'Anti-Defection Law' was introduced in the Indian Constitution via the 52nd Amendment Act of 1985. It is contained in the Tenth Schedule. The primary objective of this law is to prevent political instability caused by elected members of Parliament or State Legislatures changing their party affiliation after being elected.
Analysis of other options:
- Ninth Schedule: Originally added by the 1st Amendment (1951) to protect land reform laws from judicial review.
- Eleventh Schedule: Added by the 73rd Amendment (1992) to specify the powers, authority, and responsibilities of Panchayats.
- Twelfth Schedule: Added by the 74th Amendment (1992) to specify the powers, authority, and responsibilities of Municipalities.
In the context of ‘River Systems in Mizoram’, which river is known as the ‘Kaladan’ in Myanmar?
A)
Tlawng
B)
Chhimtuipui
C)
Tut
D)
Khawthlang Tuipui
The Chhimtuipui River is the largest river in Mizoram. It flows southwards and enters Myanmar, where it is known as the Kaladan River. The Kaladan River is a significant waterway that eventually empties into the Bay of Bengal.
Analysis of other options:
- Tlawng: This is the largest river flowing entirely within Mizoram, but it is not the Kaladan.
- Tut: This is a smaller tributary/river system within the region.
- Khawthlang Tuipui: While it is a significant river in the state, it does not carry the name Kaladan in Myanmar.
What is the name of the tropical cyclones in the China Sea?
A)
Hurricanes
B)
Tornado
C)
Typhoon
D)
Twister
Tropical cyclones are large-scale air masses that rotate around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure. While the physical phenomenon is the same, they are named differently based on the region where they occur:
1. **Typhoons**: These occur in the Northwest Pacific Ocean, which includes the South China Sea and the East China Sea.
2. **Hurricanes**: These occur in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Northeast Pacific Ocean (affecting the Americas).
3. **Cyclones**: This term is generally used for storms in the South Pacific and Indian Ocean.
Regarding the other options:
- **Tornadoes** (and **Twisters**) are not tropical cyclones; they are violent, rotating columns of air that extend from a thunderstorm to the ground. They are much smaller in scale and form over land, unlike tropical cyclones which form over warm ocean waters.
The ‘New Economic Policy of 1991’ in India was characterized by: I. Liberalization II. Privatization III. Globalization Select the correct option:
A)
I and II only
B)
II and III only
C)
I and III only
D)
I, II and III
The New Economic Policy (NEP) was introduced in July 1991 by the Government of India under the leadership of Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh to overcome a severe balance of payments crisis. The policy is famously summarized by the acronym 'LPG', which stands for:
1. Liberalization (I): This involved the removal of government restrictions on economic activities, such as the abolition of the 'License Raj' (industrial licensing), easing import-export restrictions, and reducing government control over prices.
2. Privatization (II): This involved reducing the role of the public sector by transferring ownership or management of government-owned enterprises to the private sector (disinvestment) to improve efficiency and productivity.
3. Globalization (III): This involved integrating the Indian economy with the global economy by reducing tariffs, encouraging Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and promoting international trade.
Since all three components—Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization—were the core pillars of the 1991 reforms, option 'd' is the correct choice.
For how long can the Vice President of India act as the President when the President is not able to perform his duties due to resignation, removal, death or otherwise?
A)
1 year
B)
9 months
C)
6 months
D)
3 months
According to the Constitution of India, specifically Article 62(2), an election to fill a vacancy in the office of the President occurring by reason of his death, resignation, or removal, or otherwise, must be held as soon as possible, and in no case later than six months from the date of occurrence of the vacancy. During this interim period, the Vice President acts as the President. Therefore, the maximum duration the Vice President can act as the President is 6 months, as a new President must be elected within this timeframe. Options a, b, and d are incorrect because they do not align with the constitutional mandate for the timing of presidential elections.
Page 1
← Prev
Next →