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Past Questions — 2025
There are a large number of hydro-electric projects in South India, because-
A)
Perennial rivers are there
B)
There is facility to collect rain water
C)
Coal producing areas is far away
D)
There are large number of water-falls
Step-by-step reasoning:
1. **Analysis of Hydro-electric Power (HEP):** Hydro-electric power generation requires two primary factors: a consistent flow of water and a significant 'head' (vertical drop/height). The higher the drop, the more kinetic energy is generated to turn turbines.
2. **Geography of South India:** The South Indian plateau (Deccan Plateau) is characterized by an undulating terrain with the Western Ghats acting as a steep escarpment. Because the plateau drops sharply toward the coast, many rivers flowing from the plateau to the sea create numerous waterfalls and rapids.
3. **Evaluating Option (d):** The presence of numerous waterfalls provides the necessary natural 'head' or vertical drop required for efficient hydro-electric power generation without needing excessively massive dams.
4. **Evaluating Option (a):** This is incorrect because the majority of rivers in South India (Peninsular rivers) are rain-fed and seasonal (non-perennial), unlike the Himalayan rivers.
5. **Evaluating Option (b):** While rainwater harvesting exists, it is not the primary driver for large-scale industrial hydro-electric projects.
6. **Evaluating Option (c):** While coal is primarily found in the East (Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh), the lack of coal does not 'cause' the existence of hydro-projects; rather, the physical geography (waterfalls) enables them.
Which of the following is not the work of the legislature?
A)
Making law
B)
Budgeting
C)
Passing of Budget
D)
Control on the executive
To solve this question, we must distinguish between the functions of the Legislature and the Executive in a parliamentary system.
1. **Making law (Option a):** This is the primary function of the legislature. The legislature debates and passes bills which eventually become laws.
2. **Passing of Budget (Option c):** While the legislature does not create the budget, it has the 'power of the purse.' No money can be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund of India without the legislature passing an Appropriation Bill. Thus, passing the budget is a core legislative function.
3. **Control on the executive (Option d):** In a parliamentary system, the executive is collectively responsible to the legislature. The legislature exercises control through questions, motions, and no-confidence votes.
4. **Budgeting (Option b):** 'Budgeting' refers to the actual process of preparing, estimating, and drafting the financial statements for the coming year. This is an administrative task performed by the Executive (specifically the Ministry of Finance). The executive prepares the budget; the legislature merely reviews, debates, and passes it.
Therefore, budgeting is a function of the Executive, not the Legislature.
Economic Survey is published by-
A)
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
B)
NITI Aayog
C)
Ministry of Finance
D)
Ministry of Information & Broadcasting
The Economic Survey is an annual document presented in the Indian Parliament before the presentation of the Union Budget. It is prepared by the Economic Division of the Department of Economic Affairs, which falls under the Ministry of Finance. The survey is typically authored by the Chief Economic Adviser (CEA) to the Government of India.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Option (a): The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) is responsible for collecting data, calculating GDP, and publishing the National Accounts, but it does not publish the Economic Survey.
- Option (b): NITI Aayog is the policy think-tank of the Government of India; while it provides strategic and technical advice, it is not the publishing authority for the Economic Survey.
- Option (d): The Ministry of Information & Broadcasting handles government communication and media, not economic analysis or reporting.
Which institution is not a Local Self Government?
A)
Panchayati Raj
B)
Municipal Council
C)
Municipal Corporation
D)
Zonal Council
Local Self Government (LSG) refers to the management of local affairs by elected representatives of the local people. In India, LSG is divided into two main categories: Rural and Urban.
1. Panchayati Raj (Option a): This is the system of rural local self-government, constitutionalized by the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992.
2. Municipal Council (Option b): This is a form of urban local self-government for smaller cities or towns, constitutionalized by the 74th Amendment Act, 1992.
3. Municipal Corporation (Option c): This is a form of urban local self-government for large metropolitan cities, also constitutionalized by the 74th Amendment Act, 1992.
4. Zonal Council (Option d): Zonal Councils are statutory bodies established by the Government of India under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. They are advisory bodies designed to promote cooperation and coordination between different states in a specific zone and between the Union and the States. They are NOT elected local bodies and do not function as local self-governments.
Which of the following defines depreciation?
A)
Destruction of a plant in a fire accident
B)
Loss of equipment over time due to wear and tear
C)
Closure ofa plant due to labour trouble
D)
Closure ofa plant due to lockout
In economics and accounting, depreciation refers to the gradual decrease in the value of a physical asset over time. This occurs primarily due to three reasons: normal wear and tear from regular use, the passage of time (aging), and obsolescence (becoming outdated due to new technology).
Analysis of options:
- Option (a) 'Destruction of a plant in a fire accident' is considered a 'capital loss' or an unexpected casualty, not depreciation, as it is a sudden event rather than a gradual process.
- Option (b) 'Loss of equipment over time due to wear and tear' perfectly describes the definition of depreciation (consumption of fixed capital).
- Option (c) 'Closure of a plant due to labour trouble' and Option (d) 'Closure of a plant due to lockout' refer to operational shutdowns or industrial disputes, which affect production and income but do not define the physical or monetary devaluation of the asset itself.
________ aids protection of Constitutional provisions from the government assaults.
A)
Judicial Review
B)
Judicial Activism
C)
Judicial Power
D)
Judicial Silence
Step-by-step reasoning:
1. Analysis of the requirement: The question asks for the mechanism that protects Constitutional provisions from 'government assaults' (meaning arbitrary laws or executive actions that violate the Constitution).
2. Defining Judicial Review: Judicial Review is the power of the judiciary to examine the constitutionality of legislative enactments and executive orders. If a law or order is found to be in conflict with the Constitution, the court can declare it 'null and void' or 'unconstitutional'. This acts as a check and balance against the government.
3. Evaluating other options:
- Judicial Activism (b): This refers to the judiciary taking a proactive role in protecting rights or filling legislative gaps, often by issuing directions to the government. While related, it is a philosophy/approach rather than the specific legal mechanism used to invalidate unconstitutional laws.
- Judicial Power (c): This is a general term referring to the authority of the courts to hear and decide cases; it is too broad to be the specific answer.
- Judicial Silence (d): This refers to the court's refusal to rule on a matter, which would actually fail to protect the Constitution from government assaults.
4. Conclusion: Judicial Review is the specific legal tool designed to ensure that the government operates within the boundaries of the Constitution.
Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India is related to
A)
Municipality
B)
Panchayati Raj
C)
Languages
D)
Religion
The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India lists the official languages of the Republic of India. Originally, it contained 14 languages, but through various amendments (21st, 71st, and 92nd Constitutional Amendment Acts), it now recognizes 22 scheduled languages.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Option (a) Municipality: Municipalities are governed by the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act and are mentioned in Part IXA of the Constitution.
- Option (b) Panchayati Raj: Panchayati Raj Institutions are governed by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act and are mentioned in Part IX of the Constitution.
- Option (d) Religion: Matters related to religion are primarily covered under Fundamental Rights (Articles 25-28) in Part III of the Constitution, not in the Eighth Schedule.
Vice President of India presides over the Sessions.
A)
Parliament
B)
Lok Sabha
C)
Rajya Sabha
D)
Cabinet
According to the Constitution of India, the Vice President of India holds a dual role. Under Article 64, the Vice President is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (the Council of States). In this capacity, the Vice President presides over the sessions of the Rajya Sabha, maintains order in the house, and interprets the rules of procedure.
Why other options are incorrect:
- a. Parliament: The Parliament consists of the President, the Lok Sabha, and the Rajya Sabha. No single person presides over the 'Parliament' as a whole; rather, each house has its own presiding officer.
- b. Lok Sabha: The sessions of the Lok Sabha are presided over by the Speaker, who is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha from among themselves.
- d. Cabinet: The Cabinet is the core group of ministers who head the executive branch. Its meetings are presided over by the Prime Minister of India.
Balance of Payments is an accounting statement that records monetary transactions between -
A)
Residents ofa nation and the rest of the world
B)
Non-residents and the rest of the world
C)
Residents of a nation and non-residents
D)
None of the above
The Balance of Payments (BoP) is a systematic record of all economic transactions between the residents of a country and the rest of the world over a specific period (usually a year).
1. Why Option (a) is correct: The BoP tracks all payments made to and receipts received from foreign entities. 'Residents' include individuals, businesses, and government agencies within the country, while 'the rest of the world' encompasses all foreign nations and international organizations.
2. Why Option (b) is incorrect: Transactions between non-residents of a nation do not affect that nation's BoP; they are recorded in the BoP of the respective countries involved.
3. Why Option (c) is incorrect: While transactions occur between residents and non-residents, the BoP is a comprehensive statement that aggregates all such interactions globally, making 'the rest of the world' the standard economic terminology for the counterparty in a national accounting statement.
In summary, BoP = (Transactions of Residents) ↔ (Transactions of the Rest of the World).
The present Preamble of the Indian constitution makes India
A)
Asovereign, socialist and democratic republic
B)
A sovereign, socialist, secular and democratic republic
C)
Asovereign republic with a socialist pattern of society
D)
A socialist, secular and democratic republic
The Preamble to the Constitution of India serves as the introductory statement that outlines the guiding purpose and principles of the document. The current text of the Preamble describes India as a 'Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic'.
1. **Sovereign**: India is an independent entity, not subject to the control of any other state or external power.
2. **Socialist**: Added by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976, this indicates a commitment to social and economic equality.
3. **Secular**: Also added by the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976, this means the state has no official religion and treats all religions equally.
4. **Democratic**: The government is elected by the people through universal adult suffrage.
5. **Republic**: The head of state (the President) is elected, not a hereditary monarch.
Comparing the options:
- Option (a) misses 'Secular'.
- Option (c) describes a 'socialist pattern of society' (which was a goal of the 1959 Avadi resolution) but does not reflect the actual wording of the Preamble.
- Option (d) misses 'Sovereign'.
Therefore, option (b) is the only one that accurately lists the five key descriptors of the Indian state as per the present Preamble.
Rajya Sabha has got equal powers like the Lok Sabha in the matter of
A)
creating new all India service
B)
amending the constitution
C)
removal of government
D)
making cut motion
In the Indian Parliamentary system, the Lok Sabha (Lower House) generally holds more power than the Rajya Sabha (Upper House), particularly in financial matters. However, there are specific areas where they possess equal powers:
1. **Amending the Constitution (Option b):** Under Article 368, a Constitutional Amendment Bill must be passed by both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha by a special majority. There is no provision for a joint sitting to resolve a deadlock over a constitutional amendment; therefore, the Rajya Sabha has an absolute veto, making its power equal to that of the Lok Sabha in this matter.
**Why other options are incorrect:**
- **Option a (Creating new All India Services):** While the Rajya Sabha has a special power under Article 312 to initiate the process by passing a resolution, the actual creation of the service is an executive action following the resolution. This is a 'special power' of the Rajya Sabha rather than an 'equal power'.
- **Option c (Removal of government):** The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible only to the Lok Sabha. A 'No-Confidence Motion' can only be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha cannot remove the government from power.
- **Option d (Making cut motion):** Cut motions are related to the 'Demands for Grants' (Financial Bills/Budget). Money Bills and demands for grants are the exclusive domain of the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha cannot vote on demands for grants or move cut motions.
National Income in India is estimated by-
A)
Finance Commission
B)
Indian Statistical Institute
C)
Central Statistical Organization
D)
Finance Commission
The National Income of India is estimated by the Central Statistical Organization (CSO). The CSO is a government agency under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). It is responsible for the coordination of statistical activities in the country and the compilation of National Accounts, including GDP and National Income.
Note: In recent years, the CSO and the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) were merged to form the National Statistical Office (NSO), but in the context of standard competitive exam options, 'Central Statistical Organization' remains the historically correct answer for the entity responsible for these estimates.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Finance Commission: This is a constitutional body that recommends the distribution of financial resources between the Union and the States.
- Indian Statistical Institute (ISI): While ISI is a premier academic and research institute that provides technical expertise and has historically assisted in national income calculations, it is not the official government body mandated to estimate and publish the National Income.
Article 113 of the Constitution is related to-
A)
Appropriation Bill
B)
Finance Bill
C)
Demand for Grants
D)
None of these
Article 113 of the Constitution of India specifically deals with the 'Estimation of Expenditures' and the procedure for the 'Appropriation Bill'.
1. According to Article 113, no demand for a grant shall be made except on the basis of a statement of the estimated expenditure.
2. Once the demands for grants are voted upon by the Lok Sabha, an Appropriation Bill is introduced to provide for the withdrawal of money from the Consolidated Fund of India.
3. The Appropriation Act is the legal authority that allows the government to spend money from the Consolidated Fund.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Option (b) Finance Bill: This is primarily governed by Article 110 (Definition of 'Money Bills') and Article 117. While an Appropriation Bill is a type of Money Bill, Article 113 specifically focuses on the appropriation process.
- Option (c) Demand for Grants: While Article 113 discusses the 'estimation' of expenditures (which form the demands for grants), the Article's primary legal function is to facilitate the Appropriation Bill to authorize the actual withdrawal of funds.
All Members of Parliament alone elect the
A)
Vice President
B)
President
C)
Prime Minister
D)
Chief Justice
The election of the Vice President of India is governed by Article 66 of the Indian Constitution. The Vice President is elected by an Electoral College consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha). This includes both elected and nominated members.
Why other options are incorrect:
- b. President: The President is elected by an Electoral College consisting of the elected members of both Houses of Parliament AND the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States (and UTs of Delhi and Puducherry). Nominated members do not participate.
- c. Prime Minister: The Prime Minister is not elected by Parliament; they are appointed by the President. Usually, the leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Lok Sabha is appointed.
- d. Chief Justice: The Chief Justice of India is appointed by the President of India based on the recommendation of the Collegium system, not elected by Parliament.
Which of the following railway zones in India carries the maximum freight traffic?
A)
Eastern
B)
Western
C)
Northern
D)
Southern
The Eastern Railway zone carries the maximum freight traffic in India primarily due to its geographical location and the nature of the commodities transported. The Eastern zone covers the mineral-rich belt of India, including the Chota Nagpur Plateau region. This area is the heart of India's coal, iron ore, and steel production. Since coal is the primary fuel for thermal power plants across the country and a major raw material for the steel industry, the volume of bulk freight (especially coal) transported through the Eastern Railway is significantly higher than in any other zone.
- Western Railway: Handles significant container traffic via ports (like JNPT), but not the same volume of bulk minerals as the East.
- Northern Railway: Handles high passenger traffic and some freight, but lacks the concentrated mineral density of the East.
- Southern Railway: Handles diverse freight but lacks the massive bulk coal movement characteristic of the Eastern zone.
Why did Mahatma Gandhi suspend the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922?
A)
Repression by the British government
B)
Internal divisions within the Congress
C)
The Chauri Chaura incident involving violence
D)
Limited support from rural areas
Step-by-step reasoning:
1. The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) was launched by Mahatma Gandhi based on the principle of 'Ahimsa' (non-violence).
2. On February 4, 1922, at Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur district (Uttar Pradesh), a peaceful procession turned violent after clashes with the police. The mob set fire to a police station, resulting in the deaths of 22 policemen.
3. Gandhi, who believed that the movement should remain strictly non-violent and that the Indian people were not yet fully trained in the discipline of non-violence, was deeply distressed by this event.
4. Consequently, he decided to suspend the movement immediately to prevent further bloodshed and to maintain the moral integrity of the struggle.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Option (a): While the British government did use repression, Gandhi did not suspend the movement because of it; rather, he suspended it because the movement itself had turned violent.
- Option (b): While there were internal debates (especially later regarding the Swaraj Party), these were not the primary cause for the sudden suspension in 1922.
- Option (d): The movement actually saw unprecedented support from rural areas, making this statement factually incorrect.
The 1 Plan Holiday in independent India covered the period -
A)
1966 -— 1969
B)
1965 — 1968
C)
1964 - 1968
D)
1965 — 1969
In the history of Indian economic planning, the 'Plan Holiday' refers to a period when the government could not implement a full-scale Five-Year Plan due to economic instability, severe droughts, and the devaluation of the rupee.
1. The First Five-Year Plan ran from 1951 to 1956.
2. The Second Five-Year Plan ran from 1956 to 1961.
3. The Third Five-Year Plan ran from 1961 to 1966.
Following the Third Plan, India faced significant crises, including the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and severe food shortages. Consequently, instead of launching the Fourth Five-Year Plan immediately, the government implemented three Annual Plans from 1966 to 1969. This three-year gap is known as the 'Plan Holiday'. The Fourth Five-Year Plan subsequently began in 1969 and lasted until 1974.
Therefore, option (a) 1966 - 1969 is the correct period.
How many members of the Constituent Assembly signed the Constitution of India?
A)
284
B)
294
C)
274
D)
244
The Constituent Assembly of India was formed to draft the Constitution of India. While the total membership of the Assembly varied over time (initially 389 members before the partition of India), the final version of the Constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949, and signed on January 24, 1950. On that final day, 284 members were present and signed the official document. Therefore, the number of signatories to the Constitution of India is 284. Options b, c, and d are incorrect as they do not correspond to the historical record of the final signing ceremony.
After the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act in 1992, which institutions had become constitutionally strengthened?
A)
Municipalities
B)
Panchayat Raj
C)
Planning Commission
D)
NITI Aayog
The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 was specifically enacted to grant constitutional status to urban local governments, known as Municipalities. It added Part IX-A to the Constitution of India and inserted the 12th Schedule, which lists the powers and responsibilities of municipalities.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Option (b) Panchayat Raj: This was strengthened by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992, which dealt with rural local governments (Part IX).
- Option (c) Planning Commission: This was a non-constitutional, non-statutory advisory body established by a government resolution in 1950; it was not created or strengthened by a constitutional amendment.
- Option (d) NITI Aayog: This is a policy think tank established by the Government of India via a cabinet resolution on January 1, 2015, replacing the Planning Commission. It is not a constitutional body.
Which of the following industry provides job to the maximum number of people?
A)
Iron and Steel Industry
B)
Cotton Textiles
C)
Sugar Industry
D)
Tea Processing
In the context of Indian geography and industrial economics, the Cotton Textile industry is one of the oldest and largest organized industries in India. It is highly labor-intensive, involving a vast chain of workers from ginning and spinning to weaving and processing. Historically and statistically, it employs more people than the other listed options.
1. Cotton Textiles (Option b): It is a massive employer due to the decentralized nature of powerlooms and handlooms, as well as large-scale composite mills.
2. Iron and Steel (Option a): While it is a 'basic' industry, it is highly capital-intensive and relies more on automation and heavy machinery than on a massive manual workforce compared to textiles.
3. Sugar Industry (Option c): While it employs many seasonal workers, its overall scale of permanent industrial employment is lower than textiles.
4. Tea Processing (Option d): This is a plantation-based industry. While it employs many people in the fields, the 'processing' (industrial) phase employs significantly fewer people than the textile sector.
Which of the following states has produced Rice after the Green Revolution only?
A)
West Bengal
B)
Uttar Pradesh
C)
Punjab
D)
Tamil Nadu
The Green Revolution, introduced in India in the mid-1960s, focused on increasing agricultural productivity through High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, irrigation, and chemical fertilizers.
1. **Punjab**: Historically, Punjab was primarily a wheat-growing region due to its semi-arid climate and soil. However, with the introduction of the Green Revolution and the development of extensive canal irrigation systems, Punjab shifted significantly toward rice cultivation. The adoption of HYV rice varieties made it possible to grow rice on a commercial scale in a region where it was not traditionally the dominant crop.
2. **West Bengal**: This is a traditional rice-growing state. Rice has been the staple crop of the Gangetic delta and West Bengal long before the Green Revolution due to the naturally high rainfall and alluvial soil.
3. **Uttar Pradesh**: Like West Bengal, UP has a long history of rice cultivation in its eastern and central plains due to favorable climatic conditions and river systems.
4. **Tamil Nadu**: Rice is the traditional staple of South India. The Kaveri delta has been producing rice for centuries, well before the 1960s.
Therefore, Punjab is the state that saw a massive surge and systemic shift toward rice production specifically as a result of the technological interventions of the Green Revolution.
Jawaharlal Nehru was the major advocate of Planning and
A)
Industrialization
B)
Agriculture
C)
Village Economy
D)
Service sector
Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, was a strong believer in the 'Mahalanobis Model' of development, which emphasized heavy industrialization. He viewed large-scale industries (which he famously called the 'temples of modern India') as the primary engine for economic growth and self-reliance, aiming to move India away from a purely agrarian economy to a modern industrial state. While he acknowledged the importance of agriculture, his strategic vision for national development was centered on planned industrialization and the growth of the public sector.
- Option (b) Agriculture: While Nehru implemented land reforms, his primary 'advocacy' for national transformation was industrialization.
- Option (c) Village Economy: This was the primary vision of Mahatma Gandhi (Gram Swaraj), which often contrasted with Nehru's vision of urban industrialization.
- Option (d) Service sector: The service sector became dominant much later in India's economic history (post-1990s) and was not the focus of Nehru's planning era.
B.R. Ambedkar’s Political Philosophy focused on:
A)
Nationalism rooted in Vedic traditions
B)
Annihilation of caste and the assertion of Dalit rights
C)
Gandhian non-violence as a means of social change
D)
Marxist economic redistribution
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's political and social philosophy was centered on the liberation of the marginalized, specifically the Dalits (formerly untouchables). His seminal work, 'Annihilation of Caste', argues that the caste system is not merely a division of labor but a division of laborers, and that social democracy is a prerequisite for political democracy.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Option (a) is incorrect because Ambedkar critiqued Vedic traditions that justified the varna system and caste hierarchy.
- Option (c) is incorrect because while Ambedkar shared Gandhi's goal of removing untouchability, he fundamentally disagreed with Gandhi's approach; Ambedkar believed in structural legal changes and the total destruction of the caste system rather than the 'reform' of the system through non-violence and moral persuasion.
- Option (d) is incorrect because although Ambedkar incorporated some socialist ideas regarding state socialism and economic planning, his primary philosophical focus was on social justice, legal rights, and the eradication of caste-based discrimination, rather than a purely Marxist class-struggle framework.
Which mineral belt in India is rich in building materials?
A)
North-eastern plateau region
B)
South-western plateau region
C)
North-western region
D)
Himalayan region
India is divided into several mineral belts based on geological formations. The North-western region (comprising Rajasthan, Gujarat, and parts of Punjab/Haryana) is specifically renowned for its abundance of non-metallic minerals used as building materials. This region is rich in limestone, gypsum, marble, sandstone, and granite.
Breakdown of other options:
- a. North-eastern plateau region: This region (Chhota Nagpur plateau) is the 'mineral heartland' of India, primarily rich in metallic minerals like iron ore, manganese, and coal.
- b. South-western plateau region: This region is known for metallic minerals like iron ore (Karnataka) and bauxite, as well as gold (Kolar).
- d. Himalayan region: While it has some deposits, it is not characterized as a primary 'mineral belt' for building materials on a national industrial scale compared to the North-western region.
The Eastern Ghats join the Western Ghats at-
A)
Palni Hills
B)
Nilgiri Hills
C)
Anaimudi
D)
Shevroy Hills
The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats are two discontinuous mountain ranges running along the coasts of India. They meet and join at the Nilgiri Hills (Blue Mountains) in Tamil Nadu.
Step-by-step reasoning:
1. The Western Ghats run parallel to the western coast and are continuous.
2. The Eastern Ghats run parallel to the eastern coast and are fragmented/discontinuous due to river erosion (Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri).
3. The point of convergence for these two ranges is the Nilgiri plateau/hills, which forms a bridge between the two systems.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Palni Hills: These are part of the Western Ghats system in Tamil Nadu but are not the primary junction point.
- Anaimudi: This is the highest peak of the Western Ghats (and South India), located in Kerala, not a junction point.
- Shevroy Hills: These are part of the Eastern Ghats in Tamil Nadu, but they do not serve as the meeting point with the Western Ghats.