← Assistant Professor / Lecturer
Past Questions
Vice President of India presides over the Sessions.
A)
Parliament
B)
Lok Sabha
C)
Rajya Sabha
D)
Cabinet
According to the Constitution of India, the Vice President of India holds a dual role. Under Article 64, the Vice President is the ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha). In this capacity, the Vice President presides over the sessions of the Rajya Sabha, regulates its proceedings, and maintains order in the house.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Option (a) Parliament: The Parliament consists of the President, the Lok Sabha, and the Rajya Sabha. While the VP presides over one house, they do not preside over the entire Parliament (the President summons and addresses the joint sessions).
- Option (b) Lok Sabha: The Lok Sabha is presided over by the Speaker, who is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha from among themselves.
- Option (d) Cabinet: The Cabinet is the inner circle of the Council of Ministers, presided over by the Prime Minister of India.
Which of the following railway zones in India carries the maximum freight traffic?
A)
Eastern
B)
Western
C)
Northern
D)
Southern
The Eastern Railway zone carries the maximum freight traffic in India primarily due to its geographical location and the nature of the commodities transported. The Eastern zone covers the mineral-rich belt of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, including Jharkhand and West Bengal. This region is the hub for the transport of bulk commodities such as coal, iron ore, and steel, which are the heaviest components of India's freight traffic. Coal, in particular, constitutes a massive portion of the total freight tonnage moved by Indian Railways, and since the majority of India's coal mines are located in the East, the Eastern Railway handles the highest volume of freight. In contrast, the Northern and Western zones handle significant traffic (including containers and agricultural goods), but they do not match the sheer tonnage of the mineral-heavy Eastern zone.
Which one of the following statement is not correct?
A)
The reverse REPO rate is the rate at which the RBI borrows.
B)
The REPO and reverse REPO are instruments used by the RBI to regulate liquidity in the Market.
C)
A REPO isa sale and repurchase of the same securities between two parties.
D)
AREPO rate is the rate at which the commercial banks borrow from the Central Bank.
To identify the incorrect statement, let's analyze each option based on monetary policy definitions:
1. **Option (d) and (c):** A REPO (Repurchase Agreement) is a mechanism where commercial banks sell government securities to the RBI with an agreement to repurchase them at a future date at a predetermined price. Therefore, the REPO rate is the interest rate at which commercial banks borrow money from the RBI. Both statements (c) and (d) are correct.
2. **Option (b):** REPO and Reverse REPO are primary tools of the RBI's monetary policy used to manage the money supply (liquidity) in the banking system. By adjusting these rates, the RBI can either inject liquidity into the market or absorb excess liquidity. This statement is correct.
3. **Option (a):** The Reverse REPO rate is the interest rate at which the RBI borrows money from commercial banks, or more accurately, the rate at which the RBI accepts deposits from commercial banks to absorb excess liquidity from the system. The statement claims it is the rate at which the RBI 'borrows' (implying a liability/loan), but in the context of central banking, the RBI does not 'borrow' in the traditional sense to fund itself; it provides a facility for banks to park their excess funds. More importantly, the phrasing 'the rate at which the RBI borrows' is technically misleading or incorrect compared to the standard definition: it is the rate at which the RBI pays interest to banks for parking their funds with the RBI.
Comparing all options, (a) is the most inaccurate because the RBI is the lender of last resort; the Reverse Repo is a tool for liquidity absorption, not a borrowing mechanism for the RBI's own operational needs.
The 1st Five Year Plan period was-
A)
1950-1955
B)
1951-1956
C)
1955 — 1960
D)
1956-1961
The First Five-Year Plan of India was launched by the Government of India from 1951 to 1956. It was based on the Harrod-Domar model and focused primarily on the development of the agricultural sector to achieve food security, as the country was facing severe food shortages after independence and partition.
Analysis of options:
- Option (a) 1950-1955: Incorrect. While the Planning Commission was established in 1950, the first formal plan started in 1951.
- Option (b) 1951-1956: Correct. This is the official duration of the First Five-Year Plan.
- Option (c) 1955-1960: Incorrect. This does not align with any official five-year plan cycle.
- Option (d) 1956-1961: Incorrect. The Second Five-Year Plan began in 1956 and ran until 1961, focusing on rapid industrialization (Mahalanobis model).
Which one of the following oil field is located in Assam?
A)
Ankaleshwar
B)
Kalol
C)
Nawagam
D)
Moran
Step-by-step analysis of the options:
1. **Moran (Option d):** The Moran oil field is located in the Tinsukia district of Assam. It is one of the oldest oil-producing areas in India, along with Digboi and Naharkatiya. Therefore, this is the correct answer.
2. **Ankaleshwar (Option a):** This is a major oil field located in the Bharuch district of Gujarat.
3. **Kalol (Option b):** This oil field is also located in the state of Gujarat.
4. **Nawagam (Option c):** This is another oil field situated in Gujarat.
Conclusion: While options a, b, and c are all prominent oil fields in Gujarat, only Moran is located in Assam.
All Members of Parliament alone elect the
A)
Vice President
B)
President
C)
Prime Minister
D)
Chief Justice
The election of the Vice President of India is governed by Article 66 of the Indian Constitution. The Vice President is elected by an Electoral College consisting of all members of both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha), including nominated members.
Here is why the other options are incorrect:
- Option b (President): The President is elected by an Electoral College consisting of the elected members of both Houses of Parliament AND the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States (MLAs). Non-elected/nominated members do not participate.
- Option c (Prime Minister): The Prime Minister is not elected by the Members of Parliament through a formal electoral college; they are appointed by the President (usually the leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Lok Sabha).
- Option d (Chief Justice): The Chief Justice of India is appointed by the President of India based on the recommendations of the Collegium system, not elected by Parliament.
The summer monsoon winds travel east to west from Assam to Punjab because-
A)
The path of the winds is diverted by the Himalayas
B)
Assam has high pressure whereas Punjab has low pressure
C)
The summer monsoon winds originate in Assam
D)
Here the trade wind blows from east to west
Step-by-step reasoning: 1. During the summer monsoon, moisture-laden winds (the South-West Monsoon) blow from the Indian Ocean toward the Indian landmass. 2. As these winds move northward, they encounter the massive physical barrier of the Himalayan mountain range, which stretches across the northern border of India. 3. Because the Himalayas are too high for the winds to cross, the winds are forced to deflect and turn westward. 4. This diversion causes the winds to travel from the east (Assam/North-East India) toward the west (Punjab/North-West India), bringing heavy rainfall to the plains of Northern India.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Option b: Pressure gradients generally drive the monsoon from the sea (high pressure) to the land (low pressure), but the specific east-to-west movement across the northern plains is a result of topography, not a pressure difference between Assam and Punjab.
- Option c: The summer monsoon winds originate over the Indian Ocean (specifically the South-West monsoon), not in Assam.
- Option d: Trade winds generally blow from east to west globally, but the specific movement of the monsoon winds across the northern Indian border is a localized effect of the Himalayan barrier.
Which one of the following is an important measure of ‘Sterilization’ under Reserve Bank of India?
A)
Open Market Operations
B)
Regulating functions of Non-Banking Financial Institution
C)
Increase in the Cash Reserve Ratio
D)
Decrease in the Statutory Liquidity Ratio
Sterilization is a monetary policy tool used by a central bank (like the RBI) to offset the effects of foreign exchange interventions on the domestic money supply. When the RBI buys foreign currency to prevent the domestic currency (Rupee) from appreciating, it injects an equivalent amount of Rupees into the banking system, which increases liquidity and can lead to inflation. To 'sterilize' this effect, the RBI must remove that excess liquidity from the system. The primary tool for this is Open Market Operations (OMO), specifically the sale of government securities. By selling securities, the RBI absorbs the excess liquidity (Rupees) from the commercial banks, thereby neutralizing the impact of the foreign exchange intervention.
Why other options are incorrect:
- b. Regulating NBFIs is a supervisory function, not a liquidity management tool for sterilization.
- c. While increasing the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) does reduce liquidity, sterilization specifically refers to the counter-balancing of foreign exchange inflows, for which OMOs are the standard and most flexible instrument.
- d. Decreasing the Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) would actually increase liquidity in the system, which is the opposite of what is required during sterilization.
Indian Constitution was adopted in the Constituent Assembly on
A)
26/1/1950
B)
26/11/1950
C)
26/11/1949
D)
26/1/1949
The Constitution of India was formally adopted and enacted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949. This date is now celebrated annually as 'Constitution Day' (Samvidhan Divas). It is important to distinguish between 'adoption' and 'commencement'. While the Constitution was adopted on 26/11/1949, it came into full force (commenced) on January 26, 1950, to commemorate the 'Purna Swaraj' declaration of 1930.
Analysis of options:
- Option (a) 26/1/1950: This is the date of commencement (Republic Day), not adoption.
- Option (b) 26/11/1950: Incorrect year.
- Option (c) 26/11/1949: Correct date of adoption by the Constituent Assembly.
- Option (d) 26/1/1949: Incorrect date.
Which initiative was launched to promote national integration and cultural diversity in India?
A)
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
B)
Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat
C)
Digital India Programme
D)
Make in India
Step-by-step reasoning:
1. Analyze the objective: The question asks for an initiative specifically designed to promote 'national integration' and 'cultural diversity'.
2. Evaluate Option (b): 'Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat' was launched by the Government of India (announced by PM Narendra Modi in 2015) with the primary goal of enhancing interaction and promoting mutual understanding between people of different states/UTs to celebrate the unity in diversity of our nation.
3. Evaluate Option (a): 'Swachh Bharat Abhiyan' is a national campaign focused on sanitation and cleanliness, not cultural integration.
4. Evaluate Option (c): 'Digital India Programme' is a campaign to ensure government services are made available to citizens electronically by improving online infrastructure and internet connectivity.
5. Evaluate Option (d): 'Make in India' is an initiative to encourage companies to manufacture their products in India and increase investment in the manufacturing sector.
6. Conclusion: Only 'Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat' aligns with the goals of national integration and cultural exchange.
Which one of the following communities does NOT practice transhumance?
A)
Gonds
B)
Bakarwals
C)
Bhotiyas
D)
Gaddis
Transhumance is the seasonal movement of livestock (and the people tending them) between fixed summer and winter pastures.
1. **Bakarwals (Option b):** They are a nomadic pastoral community from Jammu and Kashmir who move their herds of goats and sheep between the high mountains in summer and the lower foothills in winter.
2. **Bhotiyas (Option c):** They are a community from the high-altitude regions of Uttarakhand who practice seasonal migration for trade and livestock grazing.
3. **Gaddis (Option d):** They are shepherds from Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir who move their flocks between high-altitude alpine pastures in summer and lower valleys in winter.
4. **Gonds (Option a):** The Gonds are one of the largest tribal groups in India, primarily residing in the central highlands (Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh). They are traditionally settled agriculturists and forest dwellers, not nomadic pastoralists. Therefore, they do not practice transhumance.
There are a large number of hydro-electric projects in South India, because-
A)
Perennial rivers are there
B)
There is facility to collect rain water
C)
Coal producing areas is far away
D)
There are large number of water-falls
Step-by-step reasoning:
1. **Analysis of Hydro-electric Power (HEP):** Hydro-electric power generation requires two primary factors: a consistent volume of water and a significant 'head' (the vertical distance water falls), which creates the kinetic energy needed to turn turbines.
2. **Evaluating Option (a):** Perennial rivers (rivers that flow year-round) are primarily found in North India (Himalayan rivers). South Indian rivers are mostly seasonal/rain-fed (Peninsular rivers), so this option is factually incorrect.
3. **Evaluating Option (b):** Rainwater harvesting is a conservation method, not a primary driver for large-scale industrial hydro-electric projects.
4. **Evaluating Option (c):** While coal mines are concentrated in the East (Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh), the distance from coal mines does not 'create' hydro-electric projects; rather, the physical geography of the land does.
5. **Evaluating Option (d):** The Deccan Plateau in South India is characterized by a rugged topography with numerous escarpments and steep drops where rivers plunge from the plateau to the plains. This creates a large number of natural waterfalls (e.g., Jog Falls). These natural drops provide the necessary 'head' of water to generate electricity efficiently without needing massive dams in some cases, making the region highly suitable for hydro-electric projects.
Which one of the following rights has been described by Dr. Ambedkar as ‘The heart and soul of the Constitution’?
A)
Right of Equality
B)
Right to freedom
C)
Right to property
D)
Right to Constitutional Remedies
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the chief architect of the Indian Constitution, described Article 32 (Right to Constitutional Remedies) as the 'heart and soul of the Constitution'. This is because a right without a remedy is meaningless; Article 32 empowers citizens to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of their Fundamental Rights through writs (such as Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto, and Certiorari).
Why other options are incorrect:
- a. Right of Equality (Articles 14-18): While fundamental to democracy, it is not the specific right Ambedkar referred to as the 'heart and soul'.
- b. Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22): These are essential liberties, but they rely on the Right to Constitutional Remedies for their protection.
- c. Right to Property: This was originally a fundamental right but was removed by the 44th Amendment Act, 1978, and made a legal right under Article 300A.
The iron-ore mined at Bailadila in Chhattisgarh is mostly-
A)
Hematite
B)
Magnetite
C)
Siderite
D)
Limonite
Step-by-step reasoning:
1. **Location Analysis**: Bailadila is located in the Dantewada district of Chhattisgarh. It is one of the most significant iron-ore mining regions in India.
2. **Ore Quality**: The iron ore found in the Bailadila range is renowned for its exceptionally high grade (high iron content), often exceeding 60-65%.
3. **Mineral Identification**: High-grade iron ore found in the Indian shield, particularly in the Bastar plateau (Bailadila), is primarily Hematite. Hematite is the most important industrial iron ore in India due to its high iron content and suitability for blast furnaces.
4. **Evaluating Other Options**:
- **Magnetite (b)**: While found in India (primarily in Karnataka and Odisha), it is not the dominant ore at Bailadila.
- **Siderite (c)**: This is a lower-grade carbonate ore and is not the primary commercial ore mined at this site.
- **Limonite (d)**: This is a hydrated iron oxide and is not the characteristic ore of the Bailadila deposits.
Conclusion: The Bailadila mines are famous for producing high-grade Hematite ore, much of which is exported to Japan via the Visakhapatnam port.
“Development Administration is a process for carrying out planned change in the economy in agriculture or industry or capital infrastructure supporting either of these and to a lesser extent in the social service of the state.” Who has given this statement?
A)
Edward Weidner
B)
J.D. Montgomery
C)
F.W. Riggs
D)
U.L. Goswami
The statement provided is a classic definition of Development Administration formulated by Edward Weidner.
1. **Edward Weidner's Perspective**: Weidner viewed Development Administration as a goal-oriented and action-oriented system. He specifically emphasized that it is a process for carrying out planned change in the economy (agriculture, industry, or infrastructure) and, to a lesser extent, in social services. His approach focused on the 'administrative capacity' to achieve specific developmental goals.
2. **Analysis of other options**:
- **F.W. Riggs**: Known for the 'Prismatic Society' model and the 'Sala' model. He focused on the ecological approach to public administration, analyzing how the environment affects administrative systems in developing nations, rather than this specific definition of planned economic change.
- **J.D. Montgomery**: While he contributed to the study of administration in developing countries, his definitions typically focus more on the integration of administration with the national development plan rather than the specific phrasing used in the question.
- **U.L. Goswami**: Not a primary theorist associated with the foundational definitions of Development Administration in global public administration literature.
Therefore, the specific phrasing regarding 'planned change in the economy in agriculture or industry' is attributed to Edward Weidner.
Ankleshwar and Kalol are two oil fields in-
A)
Assam
B)
Gujarat
C)
Maharashtra
D)
Rajasthan
Ankleshwar and Kalol are prominent oil fields located in the state of Gujarat.
1. **Ankleshwar**: Located in the Bharuch district of Gujarat, it is one of the most significant onshore oil fields in India and was a major discovery for the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC).
2. **Kalol**: Also located in Gujarat, this field is part of the Cambay Basin, which is a prolific region for hydrocarbon exploration.
Analysis of other options:
- **Assam**: While Assam is the oldest oil-producing state in India (e.g., Digboi, Naharkatiya), Ankleshwar and Kalol are not located there.
- **Maharashtra**: Maharashtra has offshore fields (like Mumbai High), but these specific onshore fields are not located there.
- **Rajasthan**: Rajasthan has significant oil fields (e.g., Mangala, Bhagyam, and Aishwarya in the Barmer basin), but not Ankleshwar or Kalol.
National Policy for persons with disabilities was framed in the year
A)
2005
B)
2006
C)
2007
D)
2008
The National Policy for Persons with Disabilities was framed and notified by the Government of India in the year 2006. The primary objective of this policy was to ensure the equality of persons with disabilities and to provide them with equal opportunities in all spheres of life, focusing on barriers-free environments, education, employment, and social security.
Analysis of options:
- Option (a) 2005: Incorrect. While various amendments to disability laws were discussed around this time, the specific National Policy was not framed in 2005.
- Option (b) 2006: Correct. This is the year the National Policy for Persons with Disabilities was officially formulated.
- Option (c) 2007: Incorrect.
- Option (d) 2008: Incorrect. (Note: The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities was ratified by India in 2007, which later led to the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, but the National Policy itself dates to 2006).
Which is the most widespread type of forest found in India?
A)
Tropical evergreen and semi-evergreen forests
B)
Tropical deciduous forests
C)
Tropical thorn forests
D)
Montane forests
Step-by-step reasoning:
1. Analysis of Forest Types: India possesses a diverse range of forests based on rainfall, temperature, and soil.
2. Tropical Deciduous Forests: Also known as 'Monsoon Forests', these are the most widespread forests in India. They are characterized by trees that shed their leaves for about 6-8 weeks in the dry summer to conserve water. They are further divided into Moist Deciduous and Dry Deciduous forests. They cover a vast portion of the Indian peninsula, the foothills of the Himalayas, and eastern slopes of the Western Ghats.
3. Tropical Evergreen and Semi-evergreen Forests: These are found in areas with very high rainfall (over 200 cm), such as the Western Ghats, Northeast India, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. While biologically rich, they cover a smaller total area than deciduous forests.
4. Tropical Thorn Forests: These are found in arid and semi-arid regions (Rajasthan, Gujarat, parts of Deccan plateau) where rainfall is less than 70 cm. They are localized to dry zones.
5. Montane Forests: These are found in high-altitude regions like the Himalayas and Nilgiris. Their distribution is limited by altitude and temperature.
Conclusion: Based on geographical distribution and land cover data, Tropical Deciduous forests are the most dominant and widespread forest type in India.
According to the Global Data Lab, ________ is the top-ranking state in the context of Human Development Index in India.
A)
Mizoram
B)
Kerala
C)
UP
D)
MP
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education (mean years of schooling), and per capita income indicators. According to data provided by the Global Data Lab and consistent with reports from the UNDP and NITI Aayog, Kerala consistently ranks as the top state in India. Kerala's high ranking is primarily driven by its superior performance in health indicators (highest life expectancy) and education (highest literacy rates) compared to other Indian states.
- Option (a) Mizoram: While Mizoram performs well in literacy, it does not surpass Kerala in the overall composite HDI.
- Option (c) UP (Uttar Pradesh) and Option (d) MP (Madhya Pradesh): These states generally rank lower in HDI due to challenges in health infrastructure and lower per capita income/education metrics compared to the southern states.
Which one of the following oil field is located in Assam?
A)
Ankaleshwar
B)
Kalol
C)
Nawagam
D)
Moran
The correct answer is Moran.
1. **Moran Oil Field**: Located in the Tinsukia district of Assam, Moran is one of the oldest oil-producing fields in India. Assam has a long history of oil production, with Digboi being the first oil well drilled in Asia, followed by Moran and Naharkatiya.
2. **Analysis of other options**:
- **Ankaleshwar**: This is a major oil field located in the Bharuch district of Gujarat.
- **Kalol**: This oil field is also located in Gujarat.
- **Nawagam**: This is another oil field located in Gujarat.
Since Ankaleshwar, Kalol, and Nawagam are all situated in the state of Gujarat, the only oil field among the given options located in Assam is Moran.
Rajya Sabha has got equal powers like the Lok Sabha in the matter of
A)
creating new all India service
B)
amending the constitution
C)
removal of government
D)
making cut motion
In the Indian Parliamentary system, the Lok Sabha (Lower House) generally holds more power than the Rajya Sabha (Upper House), particularly in financial matters. However, there are specific areas where they possess equal powers:
1. **Amending the Constitution (Option b):** Under Article 368, a Constitutional Amendment Bill must be passed by both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha by a special majority. There is no provision for a joint sitting to resolve a deadlock over a constitutional amendment; therefore, the Rajya Sabha has an absolute veto, making its power equal to that of the Lok Sabha in this matter.
**Why other options are incorrect:**
- **Option a (Creating new All India Services):** While the Rajya Sabha has a special power under Article 312 to initiate the process by passing a resolution, the actual creation of the service is an executive action following the resolution. This is a 'special power' of the Rajya Sabha rather than an 'equal power'.
- **Option c (Removal of government):** The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible only to the Lok Sabha. A 'No-Confidence Motion' can only be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha cannot remove the government from power.
- **Option d (Making cut motion):** Cut motions are related to the 'Demands for Grants' (Financial Bills/Budget). Money Bills and demands for grants are the exclusive domain of the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha cannot vote on demands for grants or move cut motions.
Jawaharlal Nehru was the major advocate of Planning and
A)
Industrialization
B)
Agriculture
C)
Village Economy
D)
Service sector
Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, was a strong believer in the 'Mahalanobis Model' of development, which emphasized heavy industrialization. He viewed large-scale industries (which he famously called the 'temples of modern India') as the primary engine for economic growth and self-reliance, aiming to move India away from a purely agrarian economy to a modern industrial state. While he acknowledged the importance of agriculture, his strategic vision for national development was centered on planned industrialization and the growth of the public sector.
- Option (b) Agriculture: While Nehru implemented land reforms, his primary 'advocacy' for national transformation was industrialization.
- Option (c) Village Economy: This was the primary vision of Mahatma Gandhi (Gram Swaraj), which often contrasted with Nehru's vision of urban industrialization.
- Option (d) Service sector: The service sector became dominant much later in India's economic history (post-1990s) and was not the focus of Nehru's planning era.
Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India is related to
A)
Municipality
B)
Panchayati Raj
C)
Languages
D)
Religion
The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India lists the official languages of the Republic of India. Originally, it contained 14 languages, but through various amendments (21st, 71st, and 92nd Constitutional Amendment Acts), it now recognizes 22 scheduled languages.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Option (a) Municipality: Municipalities are governed by the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act and are mentioned in Part IXA of the Constitution.
- Option (b) Panchayati Raj: Panchayati Raj Institutions are governed by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act and are mentioned in Part IX of the Constitution.
- Option (d) Religion: Matters related to religion are primarily covered under Fundamental Rights (Articles 25-28) in Part III of the Constitution, not in the Eighth Schedule.
Which one of the following rivers drains into Arabian Sea?
A)
Yamuna
B)
Mahanadi
C)
Krishna
D)
Narmada
To determine which river drains into the Arabian Sea, we analyze the drainage patterns of the Indian river systems:
1. **Narmada (Option d):** The Narmada is one of the major west-flowing rivers of India. It originates in the Amarkantak plateau and flows westward through a rift valley between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges, eventually emptying into the Arabian Sea via the Gulf of Khambhat. Therefore, this is the correct answer.
2. **Yamuna (Option a):** The Yamuna is a major tributary of the Ganga. It flows eastward and joins the Ganga at Prayagraj. The combined Ganga-Brahmaputra system eventually drains into the Bay of Bengal.
3. **Mahanadi (Option b):** The Mahanadi is an east-flowing river that originates in the highlands of Chhattisgarh and flows through Odisha to drain into the Bay of Bengal.
4. **Krishna (Option c):** The Krishna is one of the longest east-flowing rivers of Peninsular India, originating near Mahabaleshwar and draining into the Bay of Bengal.
Which Constitutional provision upholds secularism in India?
A)
Article 14
B)
Article 15
C)
Article 25
D)
Article 30
Secularism in the Indian context means that the state has no official religion and treats all religions equally. This principle is primarily upheld through the 'Right to Freedom of Religion' guaranteed under Articles 25 to 28 of the Indian Constitution.
- Article 25 specifically guarantees the freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion, which is the cornerstone of secularism in India.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Article 14: Guarantees 'Equality before the law' and 'Equal protection of the laws' for all persons. While it supports the spirit of secularism, it is a general right to equality, not specifically a religious provision.
- Article 15: Prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. While it prevents religious discrimination, Article 25 is the primary provision that establishes the positive right to religious freedom.
- Article 30: Grants minorities (linguistic or religious) the right to establish and administer educational institutions. This is a specific cultural and educational right rather than the general provision upholding the state's secular nature.