Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Which tube is ideally collected first for CSF analysis?
A)
For microbiological examination
B)
For cell count
C)
For chemical and serological tests
D)
For all test
In CSF collection, the first tube is ideally sent for microbiological examination because it is the least likely to be contaminated by skin flora introduced during lumbar puncture. The later tubes are generally used for cell count and then chemical/serological tests. So the first tube is for microbiology, making option (a) correct.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
The process of separation or removal of a blood component from whole blood is known as:
A)
Plasmapheresis
B)
Apheresis
C)
Autopheresis
D)
Cytapheresis
Option B is correct: Apheresis.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
For a standard 450 mL bold donation, what is the volume of CPD anticoagulant added to the collection bag?
A)
15mL
B)
30mL
C)
63mL
D)
100 mL
Option C is correct: 63mL.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
The least likely complications of massive transfusion is
A)
Hyperkalemia
B)
Citrate toxicity
C)
Hypocalcemia
D)
Metabolic acidosis
Massive transfusion commonly causes **hyperkalemia**, **citrate toxicity**, and **hypocalcemia**. Stored blood can leak potassium, citrate in blood products binds calcium causing hypocalcemia, and citrate toxicity is a known transfusion effect. **Metabolic acidosis** is the least likely among the options because massive transfusion more typically leads to **alkalosis** later due to citrate metabolism, though acidosis may occur from shock or poor perfusion rather than as a direct transfusion complication.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Bouins fluid is yellow due to the presence of:
A)
Picric acid
B)
Acetic acid
C)
Sulfuric acid
D)
Nitric acid
Option A is correct: Picric acid.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
The collection of fluid, protein and cells that leaves the blood vessel and enters the interstitium is called:
A)
Pus
B)
Transudate
C)
Exudate
D)
Edema
Exudate is the fluid that leaves blood vessels and enters the interstitium due to inflammation, and it contains protein and cells. Transudate is a low-protein fluid caused by non-inflammatory pressure changes. Pus is a collection of dead leukocytes, bacteria, and tissue debris. Edema refers to swelling caused by excess fluid accumulation in tissues, not the specific fluid itself.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Erythropoiesis is stimulated by which of the following conditions?
A)
High oxygen level in the tissues
B)
Low oxygen level in the tissues
C)
High level of red blood cells
D)
A diet lacking iron
Erythropoiesis (RBC production) is stimulated mainly by hypoxia, i.e., low oxygen level in the tissues. When tissues receive less oxygen, the kidneys release erythropoietin, which acts on the bone marrow to increase red blood cell formation. High oxygen level would suppress this response, and a high RBC count also reduces the need for new RBC production. Iron deficiency can cause anemia, but it does not directly stimulate erythropoiesis.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
The method of polishing and sharpening of knives with leather material is known as:
A)
Stropping
B)
Honing
C)
Sharping
D)
Sharpening
Option A is correct: Stropping.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
The concentration of ethyl alcohol as simple fixative is:
A)
10-20%
B)
70-100%
C)
40-70%
D)
40-50%
Ethyl alcohol used as a simple fixative in histopathology is generally in the range of 70% to absolute alcohol (100%). It fixes tissues by denaturing proteins and is commonly used in routine laboratory practice. The other options are not the standard concentration range for simple alcohol fixation.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
EDTA typically preserves cellular morphology for:
A)
4-8 hours
B)
8-12 hours
C)
12-24 hours
D)
3-4 days
Option C is correct: 12-24 hours.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Serum differs from blood as it lacks:
A)
Antibodies
B)
Albumin
C)
Globulin
D)
Clotting factors
Option D is correct: Clotting factors.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
B-Lymphocytes can turn into
A)
Mast cells
B)
Dendritic cells
C)
Thrombocytes
D)
Plasma cells
Option D is correct: Plasma cells.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
May Grunwald Giemsa (MGG) stain is a type of:
A)
Supravital stain
B)
Acid-fast stain
C)
Vital stain
D)
Romanowsky stain
Option D is correct: Romanowsky stain.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Which type of T-cell is distinguished by the presence of a CD4 receptor?
A)
Cytotoxic cells
B)
Helper T-cells
C)
Suppressor T-cells
D)
Regulatory T-cells
CD4 is the marker characteristic of Helper T-cells (also called Th cells). These cells recognize antigen presented on MHC class II molecules and help activate B-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, and macrophages. Cytotoxic T-cells are typically CD8+, while suppressor/regulatory T-cells are not identified simply by CD4 alone in this basic classification.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Blood containing neither antigens A nor B is which of the following groups?
A)
AB
B)
O
C)
B
D)
A
Option B is correct: O.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Elastic tissue and collagen are distinguished with the help of:
A)
H&E stain
B)
Periodic acid Schiff stain
C)
Van Gieson stain
D)
Giemsa stain
Option C is correct: Van Gieson stain.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Which type of leucocyte is increased in parasitic infections?
A)
Neutrophil
B)
Lymphocyte
C)
Eosinophil
D)
Lymphocyte
Option C is correct: Eosinophil.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
What is a “floater” in histopathology grossing?
A)
An improperly grossed specimen
B)
A specimen that is too large
C)
Extraneous tissue fragments on a slide from another specimen
D)
An unfixed specimen
Option C is correct: Extraneous tissue fragments on a slide from another specimen.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
What is the normal range of reticulocytes in adults?
A)
2%-4%
B)
0.2%-2.5%
C)
0.5%-2.5%
D)
1%-2.5%
Option C is correct: 0.5%-2.5%.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
For electron microscopy what is a common embedding medium used instead of a paraffin wax?
A)
Gelatin
B)
Agar
C)
Paraffin
D)
Resin
For electron microscopy, tissues need an embedding medium that can support very thin sectioning and preserve ultrastructural detail. **Resins** (such as epoxy resins) are commonly used because they harden well and allow ultrathin sections. **Paraffin wax** is used for light microscopy, not electron microscopy. Gelatin and agar are not standard embedding media for EM.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Histopathology slide should be stored for future references for atleast up to:
A)
1 years
B)
5 years
C)
10 years
D)
3 months
Histopathology slides are generally retained for long-term future reference, medico-legal purposes, and review. The standard minimum retention period asked in lab examinations is 5 years. Options like 3 months are far too short, and 1 year is usually inadequate for histopathology records.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Which step in tissue processing involves replacing alcohol with a medium that can be infiltrated by paraffin wax?
A)
Clearing
B)
Dehydration
C)
Infiltration
D)
Fixation
In tissue processing, after dehydration removes water with alcohol, the next step is clearing, where alcohol is replaced by a clearing agent (such as xylene) that is miscible with paraffin wax. This prepares the tissue for wax infiltration.
- Dehydration removes water.
- Fixation preserves tissue structure.
- Infiltration is the actual filling of tissue with paraffin wax after clearing.
So the step that replaces alcohol with a medium infiltrated by paraffin wax is clearing.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
ESR will show low value in which condition?
A)
Anaemia
B)
Polycythemia
C)
Tuberculosis
D)
Rheumatoid arthritis
ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) becomes low when the number of red blood cells is increased, as in polycythemia. More RBCs make the blood more viscous and reduce the rate of settling. In contrast, anaemia usually raises ESR, and inflammatory conditions like tuberculosis and rheumatoid arthritis also increase ESR.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Caseating necrosis, a type of necrosis characterized by a cheese-like appearance, is strongly associated with granulomas caused by which type of pathogen?
A)
Fungi
B)
Viruses
C)
Mycobacteria
D)
Parasites
Option C is correct: Mycobacteria.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
What is the important principle and use of frozen section in histopatholgy?
A)
To quickly preserve tissue in the natural state
B)
To quickly obtain sections for diagnosis without processing in paraffin
C)
To enhance staining
D)
To remove formalin pigments
Option B is correct: To quickly obtain sections for diagnosis without processing in paraffin.
