Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Which acid is commonly used as a strong decalcifying agent?
A)
EDTA
B)
Formic acid
C)
Nitric acid
D)
Acetic acid
In histopathology, strong decalcifying agents are strong acids. Nitric acid is a commonly used strong decalcifying acid. EDTA is a chelating agent and works more gently, formic acid is a weak organic acid used for slower decalcification, and acetic acid is not commonly used as a strong decalcifying agent.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
How does foetal haemoglobin differ from adult haemoglobin?
A)
HbF has a lower affinity for oxygen than HbA
B)
HbF has a higher affinity for oxygen than HbA
C)
HbF is composed of two alpha and two beta globin chains
D)
HbF production is crucial for adult life
Foetal haemoglobin (HbF) binds oxygen more strongly than adult haemoglobin (HbA), which helps the fetus extract oxygen from maternal blood across the placenta. HbF is actually made of two alpha and two gamma chains (α2γ2), not beta chains. Therefore, option (b) is correct. Option (a) is the opposite of the truth, option (c) describes HbA, and option (d) is incorrect because HbF is mainly important during fetal life, not adult life.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Antigen typing on red cells should not be performed if patients had previous transfusion within the past:
A)
1 month
B)
2 month
C)
3 month
D)
6 month
Red cell antigen typing can be unreliable after a recent transfusion because donor red cells may be circulating in the patient’s blood. In immunohematology, typing should not be performed if the patient has had a transfusion within the past 3 months. This corresponds to option (c). The other options are incorrect because 1 month and 2 months are too short, and 6 months is longer than the standard period used for this precaution.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
When a cell adapts by changing from one cell type to another, this is called:
A)
Dysplasia
B)
Metaplasia
C)
Neoplasia
D)
Anaplasia
When one mature cell type is replaced by another mature cell type as an adaptive response to stress, it is called metaplasia. Dysplasia means disordered growth and abnormal maturation, neoplasia means new uncontrolled growth (tumor formation), and anaplasia refers to loss of differentiation seen in malignant tumors.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Koilonychia (spoon-shaped nails) is a physical sign associated with severe, long-standing:
A)
Vitamin B12 deficiency
B)
Anemia of chronic disease
C)
Iron deficiency anemia
D)
Hemolytic anemia
Option C is correct: Iron deficiency anemia.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Which laboratory test is a common marker used to measure the level of inflammation in the body?
A)
Blood sugar test
B)
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
C)
C-reactive protein (CRP) test
D)
Creatinine test
Option C is correct: C-reactive protein (CRP) test.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
During tissue processing, what is the correct sequence of steps?
A)
Clearing, Dehydration, Infiltration
B)
Dehydration, Infiltration, Clearing
C)
Infiltration, Dehydration, Clearing
D)
Dehydration, Clearing, Infiltration
Option D is correct: Dehydration, Clearing, Infiltration.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
The special stain used for demonstration of amyloid is:
A)
Congo red
B)
Toloidine blue
C)
Crystal violet
D)
Von Kossa
Option A is correct: Congo red.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Which substance is known as a mordant dye that produces distinct colors with different mordants?
A)
Indigo
B)
Alizarin
C)
Congo red
D)
Aniline black
Option B is correct: Alizarin.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Reticulin fibres stain _________ in Silver impregnation method:
A)
Blue
B)
Black
C)
Red
D)
Yellow
Option B is correct: Black.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
What is the principle behind Alcian Blue staining?
A)
Covalent bonding with neutral sugars
B)
Hydrophobic interactions
C)
Ionic bonds between cationic dye and anionic mucin
D)
Metachromatic shift
Option C is correct: Ionic bonds between cationic dye and anionic mucin.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Which of these cells develop from the myeloblast lineage?
A)
Basophil, Eosinophil, Neutrophil
B)
Lymphocyte, Erythrocyte, Monocyte
C)
Thrombocyte, Erythrocyte, Lymphocyte
D)
Erythrocyte, Thrombocyte, Lymphocyte
Option A is correct: Basophil, Eosinophil, Neutrophil.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Recipient serum is mixed with donor’s red cells in which type of cross matching:
A)
Major crossmatching
B)
Minor crossmatching
C)
Indirect cross matching
D)
Both b and c
Option A is correct: Major crossmatching.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
What is the standard concentration of formaldehyde in 10 % formalin?
A)
1 %
B)
10 %
C)
40 %
D)
4 %
10% formalin is a solution made by diluting commercial formaldehyde (which is usually about 37–40%) to one-tenth strength. Therefore, the actual formaldehyde content in 10% formalin is about 4%. Option (a) is too low, while (b) and (c) refer to formalin/formaldehyde concentrations incorrectly.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
The refractive index (RI) of a mounting medium should ideally be similar to that of the glass slide and the tissue specimen for optimal clarity. What is the approximate ideal refractive index?
A)
1.4 – 1.54
B)
1.0
C)
2.0
D)
1.33
Option A is correct: 1.4 – 1.54.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Which RBC parameter is evolutionarily conserved across species?
A)
Haematocrit
B)
MCV
C)
MCHC
D)
RBC count
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is the RBC parameter that is most evolutionarily conserved across species. This is because red cells generally maintain a fairly constant intracellular hemoglobin concentration for efficient oxygen transport. In contrast, haematocrit, MCV, and RBC count vary more widely among species depending on body size, oxygen demand, and erythrocyte morphology.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Which statement accurately describes the Indirect Coombs test?
A)
It is used to find antibodies on the surface of RBCs
B)
It adds Coombs reagent directly to the patient’s RBC
C)
It detects free-floating antibodies in the patient’s serum that cause RBCs to be destroyed
D)
It is primarily used to diagnose autoimmune disorders
Option C is correct: It detects free-floating antibodies in the patient’s serum that cause RBCs to be destroyed.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
The high viscosity of synovial fluid is mainly due to the presence of:
A)
Albumin
B)
Hyaluronic acid
C)
Collagen
D)
Blood cells
Synovial fluid is highly viscous mainly because it contains hyaluronic acid, a large glycosaminoglycan that gives the fluid its slippery, gel-like consistency. Albumin is a plasma protein and does not chiefly determine viscosity. Collagen is a structural protein found in connective tissues, not the main component responsible for synovial fluid viscosity. Blood cells may appear in abnormal conditions, but they do not account for the normal high viscosity.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Which incompatibilities are detected in the anti globulin phase of a crossmatch?
A)
IgM alloantibodies in recipient’s serum
B)
ABO incompatibilities
C)
IgG alloantibodies in recipient’s serum
D)
Room temperature incompatibilities
Option C is correct: IgG alloantibodies in recipient’s serum.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
What is the genotype of individuals with the Bombay blood group?
A)
(BB) or Hh
B)
(OO) or Hh
C)
(hh) or H null
D)
(AB) or Hh
The Bombay blood group occurs in individuals who lack the H antigen due to the homozygous recessive genotype 'hh' at the H locus. Because the H antigen is absent, A or B antigens cannot be expressed even if the person carries ABO genes. This is also called the H null phenotype. The other options are incorrect because BB, OO, or AB refer to ABO genotypes, not the Bombay phenotype.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
The eosin solution used in H and E stain is prepared from:
A)
Eosin Y
B)
Eosin Z
C)
Eosin H
D)
Eosin C
Option A is correct: Eosin Y.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Stain used for demonstrating reticulocyte is:
A)
Romanowsky stain
B)
Methemine silver stain
C)
Supra- vital stain
D)
Congo red stain
Option C is correct: Supra- vital stain.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
What is the main function of a tissue fixative?
A)
To remove excess water
B)
To preserve cell morphology and prevent autolysis
C)
To harden and stain the tissue
D)
To preserve the tissue for biochemical test
Option B is correct: To preserve cell morphology and prevent autolysis.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
Before placing on slide, tissue sections are floated in water bath at a temperature of:
A)
40-50°C
B)
50-60°C
C)
30-40°C
D)
60-70°C
Option A is correct: 40-50°C.
Combined Technical (NG) • 2026 • Paper-IV (Technical Subject)
When circulating leukocytes move towards the vessel wall, it is called:
A)
Chemotaxis
B)
Transmigration
C)
Margination
D)
Extravasation
When circulating leukocytes move from the central blood flow toward the vessel wall, this step is called margination. It is an early event in leukocyte recruitment during inflammation. Chemotaxis is movement toward chemical signals, transmigration is passage through the endothelium, and extravasation refers more broadly to leukocyte exit from the bloodstream into tissues.
