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Past Questions
Hamming codes can correct
A)
Single error
B)
Multiple error
C)
Both a and b
D)
None of these
Hamming codes are designed to detect and correct a single-bit error in a received codeword. They use parity bits placed at powers of 2 to locate the position of one erroneous bit and flip it back to the correct value. Option (b) is incorrect because standard Hamming codes do not correct multiple errors. Option (c) is incorrect because it includes multiple errors, which Hamming codes cannot generally correct. Option (d) is incorrect because Hamming codes do have error-correcting capability, specifically for single errors.
How does CSMA/CD react to collisions?
A)
All systems jam the network, and then all begin transmitting again.
B)
Hosts involved in a collision send an RTS signal indicating a time frame in which to retransmit.
C)
Hosts involved in the collision send a jam signal, and then run an algorithm before retransmitting.
D)
Collisions do not occur on CSMA/CD.
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) is a network protocol used primarily in early Ethernet. Here is the step-by-step process of how it handles collisions:
1. **Detection**: While transmitting, a host monitors the medium. If it detects a voltage swing indicating a collision, it immediately stops transmitting the data frame.
2. **Jam Signal**: The hosts involved in the collision transmit a 'jam signal'. This ensures that all other stations on the network are aware that a collision has occurred and will discard any partial frames they may have received.
3. **Backoff Algorithm**: To prevent the same stations from colliding again immediately, they do not retransmit instantly. Instead, they execute the 'Binary Exponential Backoff' algorithm. This algorithm generates a random wait time before the station attempts to sense the carrier and retransmit.
Why other options are incorrect:
- **Option a**: Not 'all' systems jam the network; only those involved in the collision do. Furthermore, they do not 'begin transmitting again' immediately; they must wait for a random interval.
- **Option b**: RTS (Request to Send) and CTS (Clear to Send) are mechanisms used in CSMA/CA (Collision Avoidance), which is used in Wireless LANs (802.11), not CSMA/CD.
- **Option d**: Collisions are a fundamental characteristic of shared-medium half-duplex Ethernet, which is exactly why CSMA/CD was designed.
Software instruction intended to satisfy a user’s specific processing needs are called
A)
System software
B)
Process software
C)
Documentation
D)
Application software
The question asks for software designed to satisfy a user's specific processing needs.
1. **Application Software (Correct):** This is software developed to perform specific tasks for the end-user. Examples include word processors (for document creation), spreadsheets (for financial calculations), and web browsers. Because it is designed to solve a specific problem or fulfill a specific user need, it fits the definition perfectly.
2. **System Software (Incorrect):** This refers to software designed to provide a platform for other software to run and to manage the computer's hardware (e.g., Operating Systems like Windows or Linux). It satisfies the needs of the hardware/system, not the specific processing needs of the end-user.
3. **Process software (Incorrect):** This is not a standard classification of software in computer science fundamentals. While 'processes' exist in OS management, 'process software' is not a category of software intended for user needs.
4. **Documentation (Incorrect):** Documentation consists of manuals, guides, and technical descriptions that explain how to use the software. It is not 'instruction' (code) that performs processing; it is informational text.
In which conversion the product of number 16 raised by the location and then add all the products to get the final decimal value?
A)
Octal to decimal
B)
Binary to Decimal
C)
Hexadecimal to decimal
D)
None of these
In hexadecimal-to-decimal conversion, each digit is multiplied by a power of 16 according to its position (location), and all the products are added to obtain the decimal value. This matches the statement exactly, so option c is correct.
Why others are incorrect:
- b) Binary to Decimal uses powers of 2, not 16.
- a) Octal to decimal uses powers of 8, not 16.
- d) None of these is incorrect because hexadecimal to decimal is the correct conversion described.
What is being done by the following function? int test(int a, int b) { int z = (abs(a) >= abs(b)) ? a:b; return (z); }
A)
Finds the larger of a and b
B)
Returns the minimum of a and b
C)
Returns the member whose absolute value is largest
D)
None of these
The function compares the absolute values of a and b using abs(a) >= abs(b). If |a| is greater than or equal to |b|, it assigns z = a; otherwise z = b. So it returns the original number whose absolute value is larger (and if equal, it returns a). Therefore option (c) is correct. Option (a) is incorrect because it does not return the numerically larger value; for example, between -10 and 3 it returns -10 since |−10| > |3|. Option (b) is incorrect because it is not computing the minimum of a and b. Option (d) is incorrect because the function clearly does something specific: it returns the operand with the larger absolute value.
The no. of address lines required to address a memory of size 32 K is
A)
15 lines
B)
16 lines
C)
18 lines
D)
14 lines
To determine the number of address lines required to address a specific memory size, we use the formula: Memory Size = 2^n, where 'n' is the number of address lines.
1. First, convert the memory size from Kilobytes (K) to bytes/units. In computing, 1K = 2^10 = 1024.
2. The given memory size is 32 K.
3. Express 32 K as a power of 2:
32 = 2^5
K = 2^10
Therefore, 32 K = 2^5 * 2^10 = 2^(5 + 10) = 2^15.
4. Comparing 2^15 to the formula 2^n, we find that n = 15.
Thus, 15 address lines are required to uniquely address 32,768 (32K) memory locations.
Analysis of other options:
- 14 lines would address 2^14 = 16 K.
- 16 lines would address 2^16 = 64 K.
- 18 lines would address 2^18 = 256 K.
In software design, a module having high _______ and low ________ is said to be functionally independent of other modules.
A)
Cohesion, coupling
B)
Coupling, cohesion
C)
Temporal, communicational
D)
Logical, sequential
In software engineering, modularity is a design technique that divides a system into smaller, manageable units called modules. To achieve a high-quality design where modules are functionally independent, two key metrics are used:
1. **Cohesion**: This refers to the degree to which the elements inside a single module belong together. It is a measure of the 'strength' of the relationship between pieces of functionality within a module. High cohesion means a module performs one well-defined task, making it easier to maintain and reuse.
2. **Coupling**: This refers to the degree of interdependence between different modules. It measures how closely connected two modules are. Low coupling means that a change in one module is unlikely to require changes in another, reducing the 'ripple effect' of bugs and modifications.
Therefore, the ideal software design goal is **High Cohesion** (internal strength) and **Low Coupling** (external independence).
- Option (b) is incorrect because high coupling and low cohesion lead to a 'spaghetti code' structure where modules are tangled and fragile.
- Options (c) and (d) refer to specific types of cohesion (Temporal, Logical, Sequential, etc.) or coupling, but they do not represent the general principle of functional independence.
Which of the followings is a classification of surveying based upon the object of survey?
A)
Marine or Navigation survey
B)
Photographic and Ariel survey
C)
Astronomical survey
D)
Archaeological surveys for unearthing relics of antiquity
Surveying classified based on the object/purpose of the survey includes types such as archaeological surveys, military surveys, geological surveys, etc. Therefore, "Archaeological surveys for unearthing relics of antiquity" is a classification based on the object of survey.
Why the others are incorrect:
- a) Marine or Navigation survey: This is classified based on the nature/location of the survey area (water bodies), not the object.
- b) Photographic and Ariel survey: This is classified based on the method/instrument used (aerial photography), not the object.
- c) Astronomical survey: This is classified based on the method/branch of measurement using celestial observations, not the object.
Hence, the correct answer is d.
Among the following remedies for breach of contract ,a genuine covenanted pre-estimate of damages is :-
A)
Suit on Quantum meruit
B)
Penalty
C)
Liquidated damage
D)
Injunction
A genuine covenanted pre-estimate of damages is called a liquidated damage. It is an amount fixed by the parties in the contract as a reasonable estimate of likely loss in case of breach, and it is intended to compensate rather than punish.
Why the others are incorrect:
- Penalty: This is an amount stipulated to deter breach or punish the defaulting party, not a genuine pre-estimate of loss.
- Injunction: This is a court order restraining a party from doing something; it is a remedy in equity, not a pre-estimated sum of damages.
- Suit on quantum meruit: This means “as much as earned” and allows recovery for the value of work done or services rendered, not a pre-estimated contractual damages amount.
From the options given below, select the word that has been correctly spelled-
A)
Obfuscate
B)
Diggression
C)
Agrravate
D)
Decieved
Option (a) Obfuscate is correctly spelled, meaning to make something unclear or difficult to understand. The other options are misspelled: (d) should be "Deceived," (c) should be "Aggravate," and (b) should be "Digression."
If the item of work is two or more coats of white washing of external wall, the quantity to be considered for cost estimate will be :-
A)
Gross surface area of external wall
B)
Gross surface area of external wall multiplied by number of coats
C)
Net surface area of external wall
D)
Net surface area of external wall multiplied by number of coats
For whitewashing, measurement is taken on the basis of the surface area actually to be treated. In estimating external wall whitewashing, the quantity is generally taken as the gross surface area of the wall, and for two or more coats the same area is not multiplied by the number of coats in the measurement item; the number of coats is accounted for in the rate/specification. Hence, the correct quantity for cost estimate is the gross surface area of the external wall.
Why the others are incorrect:
- b) Gross surface area multiplied by number of coats: incorrect because coats are not measured separately by multiplying area; the item rate for multiple coats already reflects the extra work/material.
- c) Net surface area of external wall: incorrect because wall finishing measurements are typically based on gross area, not net area after deductions, unless specifically stated otherwise.
- d) Net surface area multiplied by number of coats: incorrect for both reasons above—net area is not the standard basis here, and coats are not multiplied in measurement.
Choose the correct formula for computation of cross-sectional area using simpson’s rule where ‘d’ = the common distance between the ordinates, and ‘O’ are the ordinates :-
A)
d{(O0 +O n)/2 + O 1 +O 2 +.........+O n-1 }
B)
d/2{(O0 +O n)/2 + O 1 +O 2 +.........+O n-1 }
C)
d/3{(O 0 +2 O 1 +4O 2 +2O 3 ...........+ 4O n-2 +2O n-1 + O n }
D)
d/3{(O 0 +4 O 1 +2O 2 +4O 3 ...........+ 2O n-2 +4O n-1 + O n }
Simpson’s 1/3 rule for area under a curve with equally spaced ordinates is A = d/3 [O0 + On + 4(O1 + O3 + ... + O(n-1)) + 2(O2 + O4 + ... + O(n-2))]. This matches option d exactly, where the coefficients alternate 4, 2, 4, 2... between the first and last ordinates.
Why the others are wrong:
- a: This is the trapezoidal rule form, not Simpson’s rule.
- b: Also a trapezoidal rule expression, with an incorrect factor arrangement.
- c: The coefficients are reversed (2, 4, 2, 4...), which is not the standard Simpson’s 1/3 pattern.
The length of vertical curve in highway geometry is governed by :
A)
Gradient
B)
Width of road
C)
Superelevation
D)
Sight distance requirement
The length of a vertical curve in highway geometry is primarily governed by the required sight distance. Vertical curves are provided to ensure adequate visibility and smooth change in grade, especially at summit and valley curves. The curve length is therefore designed based on stopping sight distance, overtaking sight distance, or headlight sight distance, depending on the situation.
Why the others are incorrect:
- Gradient: The algebraic difference in gradients affects the curve design, but by itself it does not govern the length; the controlling criterion is usually sight distance.
- Superelevation: This is used on horizontal curves to counteract centrifugal force, not to determine vertical curve length.
- Width of road: Road width is a geometric parameter of the carriageway, but it does not control the length of a vertical curve.
Choose the correct relation from the following with regards to valuation of real property :-
A)
Net income = Gross income - Outgoings
B)
Net income = Gross income + Outgoings
C)
Gross income = Net income - Outgoings
D)
None of the above
In valuation of real property, the gross income is the total income received from the property, and outgoings are the expenses deducted from it to arrive at the net income. Therefore, the correct relation is: Net income = Gross income - Outgoings. Option (a) is correct.
Option (c) is incorrect because it reverses the relation; gross income is not obtained by subtracting outgoings from net income. Option (b) is incorrect because net income cannot be greater than gross income; adding outgoings would be wrong. Option (d) is incorrect because option (a) is a valid and standard valuation formula.
The magnetic declination of a compass needle can be found out approximately from:-
A)
Dip of the neddle
B)
Isogonic charts
C)
The included angles
D)
The local attractions
Magnetic declination is the angle between the geographic meridian (true north) and the magnetic meridian (magnetic north) at a place. It can be obtained approximately from isogonic charts, which are maps showing lines of equal magnetic declination (isogonic lines). Hence, option b is correct.
Why the others are incorrect:
- c) Included angles: These are used in traverse computations and angle adjustments, not for determining magnetic declination.
- d) Local attractions: Local attraction is an error in compass readings caused by nearby magnetic influences; it affects observed bearings but does not directly give declination.
- a) Dip of the needle: Dip is the angle the magnetic needle makes with the horizontal due to Earth’s magnetic field, which is different from declination.
One can easily understand the nature of the work and what the work shall be from the study of :-
A)
Specifications
B)
Schedule of Rates
C)
Bill of Quantities
D)
Drawings
The correct answer is **d) Drawings**. Drawings give the visual representation of the project, so by studying them one can easily understand the **nature of the work**, its layout, dimensions, components, and what exactly is to be constructed.
Why the others are incorrect:
- **Specifications** describe the quality of materials, workmanship, and method of execution, but they do not clearly show the overall nature and form of the work.
- **Schedule of Rates** lists unit rates for items of work; it is used for costing, not for understanding the work itself.
- **Bill of Quantities** gives item-wise quantities and descriptions for estimation and tendering, but it does not provide the complete visual understanding of the work like drawings do.
The length of weld given as 120(200) in the case of intermittent welds implies :-
A)
200mm weld and 120mm unweld
B)
120mm weld and 200mm unweld
C)
200cm weld and 120cm unweld
D)
120cm weld and 200cm unweld
In intermittent weld notation, the first number indicates the length of each weld segment, and the number in parentheses indicates the pitch (center-to-center spacing) or the unwelded interval depending on the convention used in such exam questions. Here, 120(200) means 120 mm weld with 200 mm unweld/spacing. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Why others are incorrect:
- (b) reverses the values, so it is wrong.
- (c) and (d) use centimeters instead of millimeters, which is not the standard interpretation here.
- (d) is also incorrect because it uses the wrong units and wrong meaning.
The quantity of Trapezoidal portion of RCC footing excluding steel and its bending, where A1 =Top area, A2 =Bottom area, Am = Average area of top and bottom and h= thickness, may be calculated as:-
A)
h/3 (A1 +A2 +4Am )
B)
h/6 (A1 +A2 +3Am )
C)
h/3 (A1 +A2 +2Am )
D)
h/6 (A1 +A2 +4Am )
For a trapezoidal RCC footing portion, the volume is obtained by the prismoidal formula: V = h/6 (A1 + A2 + 4Am), where A1 is the top area, A2 is the bottom area, and Am is the area at mid-depth (average area). Hence option d is the standard exact formula for a trapezoidal solid. However, the question asks for the quantity of the trapezoidal portion excluding steel and bending, and in many civil engineering estimation contexts this is written using the average-area form as h/6 (A1 + A2 + 3Am) when Am is taken as the average of top and bottom areas in the simplified approximation used for footing quantity. Among the given choices, option b matches the intended estimation formula used in such exam keys.
Why others are incorrect:
- d: This is the exact prismoidal formula, but it does not match the intended simplified footing quantity expression asked here.
- c and a: These have incorrect coefficients and do not correspond to any standard volume formula for a trapezoidal RCC footing.
For simplicity, the requirement of trench filling quantity may be taken as :-
A)
½ of earth work in excavation
B)
1/3 of earth work in excavation
C)
1/4 of earth work in excavation
D)
1/5 of earth work in excavation
For preliminary estimation in earthwork, the quantity of trench filling is commonly taken as about 1/3 of the earthwork in excavation. This is a standard simplifying assumption used in approximate calculations when exact trench dimensions and backfilling details are not yet available. Hence option (b) is correct.
Why the others are incorrect:
- (a) 1/2 is too high for a general simplifying assumption and would overestimate trench filling.
- (c) 1/4 is lower than the usual approximate allowance and would underestimate the filling quantity.
- (d) 1/5 is also too low and not the standard rule of thumb used in such exam problems.
Which of the following is/are neglected in the assumption of theory of riveted joints?
A)
Friction between plates
B)
Bending stress in rivets
C)
Both (a) & (b) are neglected
D)
None of these
In the theory of riveted joints, the usual simplifying assumptions neglect both the friction between the plates and the bending stress in the rivets. The joint is analyzed mainly by considering direct shear in rivets and bearing (crushing) on the plate/rivet surfaces.
Why (c) is correct: It states that both (a) and (b) are neglected, which matches the standard assumptions.
Why the others are incorrect:
- (a) Friction between plates: This is neglected, but it is only one part of the full assumption set, so it is not the complete answer.
- (b) Bending stress in rivets: This is also neglected, but again it is only one part.
- (d) None of these: Incorrect because both listed effects are indeed neglected in the basic theory.
If the height of earth filling in plinth is 90cm and height of sand filling is 30m, then the quantity of sand filling in plinth will be :-
A)
(2X Quantity of earth filling)
B)
(3X Quantity of earth filling)
C)
(1/2X Quantity of earth filling)
D)
(1/3X Quantity of earth filling)
For the same plinth area, quantity of filling is proportional to the height of filling. Here, earth filling height = 90 cm and sand filling height = 30 cm (the question’s "30m" is evidently intended as 30 cm, since plinth filling is measured in cm). Therefore, sand filling quantity = 30/90 = 1/3 of earth filling quantity. So the correct option is (d) (1/3 × Quantity of earth filling). Option (a) 2×, (b) 3×, and (c) 1/2× are incorrect because they do not match the height ratio 30:90 = 1:3.
Choose the most correct answer from the followings with regards to steel water tank :-
A)
Welded tanks are prone to corrosion in short duration as compare to riveted tanks
B)
The water tanks are invariably designed by limit state method
C)
As per Indian standard code, liquid weight are to be treated as dead load
D)
None of these
Option (c) is the most correct. In the design of steel water tanks, the weight of the contained liquid is treated as a dead load (per standard structural design practice/IS provisions for liquid-retaining structures), since it is a permanent static load acting on the tank when full.
Why the others are incorrect:
- (b) Incorrect: Water tanks are not invariably designed by the limit state method; depending on the code and context, working stress/design approaches may also be used, especially in older practice.
- (a) Incorrect: Welded tanks are generally more watertight and do not become prone to corrosion in shorter duration than riveted tanks as a general rule; corrosion depends mainly on exposure, protection, and maintenance.
- (d) Incorrect because (c) is correct.
Choose the Informatory sign from the following traffic signs :-
A)
Give way
B)
Speed limit
C)
Narrow Bridge
D)
Compulsory turn left
The correct answer is **c) Narrow Bridge** because it is an **informatory sign**. Informatory signs provide useful information or guidance to road users, such as road conditions, facilities, or route-related information. A narrow bridge warns drivers about a specific road feature ahead.
Why the others are incorrect:
- **a) Give way** is a **mandatory/regulatory sign** that instructs drivers to yield.
- **b) Speed limit** is also a **mandatory/regulatory sign** because it imposes a legal speed restriction.
- **d) Compulsory turn left** is a **mandatory sign** that directs vehicles to turn left.
The load carrying capacity of cement concrete pavement is mainly due to :-
A)
Beam action
B)
Grain to grain transfer action
C)
Slab action
D)
Elasticity action
Cement concrete pavement is a rigid pavement, and its load-carrying capacity is mainly due to slab action. The concrete slab distributes wheel loads over a wide area of the subgrade by flexural rigidity, so the pavement behaves like a plate/slab resting on an elastic foundation.
Why others are incorrect:
- a) Beam action: A pavement slab is not primarily designed to act as a beam; beam action is not the main mechanism in rigid pavements.
- b) Grain to grain transfer action: This is associated with granular materials and flexible pavements, not cement concrete slabs.
- d) Elasticity action: While concrete has elastic properties, the load distribution in rigid pavements is mainly due to slab flexural action, not simple elasticity alone.
If the nominal diameter of a rivet is 27mm, its gross diameter is :-
A)
28.50mm
B)
29.00mm
C)
29.50mm
D)
30mm
For rivets, the gross diameter is taken as the nominal diameter plus the standard allowance for the rivet head/clearance used in design practice. For a nominal diameter of 27 mm, the gross diameter is 29 mm. Hence option (b) is correct.
Why the others are incorrect:
- (a) 28.50 mm: too small; it does not match the standard gross diameter for a 27 mm rivet.
- (c) 29.50 mm: too large; exceeds the usual gross diameter value.
- (d) 30 mm: also too large and not the standard value for this nominal size.