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Past Questions — 2025
Under the Mizo Marriage, Divorce and Inheritance of Property Act 2014, an illegitimate child is referred as:
A)
Tlangau
B)
Sawn
C)
Palai
D)
Tual Upa
Under the Mizo Marriage, Divorce and Inheritance of Property Act, 2014, the term 'Sawn' is used to refer to an illegitimate child (a child born out of wedlock). In Mizo customary law and the codified Act, 'Sawn' specifically denotes a child whose parents were not legally married according to the customs or laws recognized by the community.
Analysis of other options:
- a. Tlangau: Historically refers to a village crier or a public announcer.
- c. Palai: Refers to a bachelor or an unmarried man.
- d. Tual Upa: Refers to a village elder or a traditional authority figure in the village administration.
What is the minimum number of wards in a Municipal Corporation as per the Act?
A)
5
B)
11
C)
15
D)
23
According to the Mizoram Municipalities Act, 2007, the composition and division of municipal areas into wards are specified based on the type of municipality. For a Municipal Corporation, the Act stipulates that the area shall be divided into wards, and the minimum number of such wards required for a Municipal Corporation is 23. This ensures a representative distribution of governance across larger urban centers. Options a (5), b (11), and c (15) do not meet the statutory minimum requirement for the 'Corporation' category under this specific Act.
A community voluntary labour practice, often involving collective work for the betterment of the village or a specific project, often called by the Village Council Leader is:
A)
Tlangau
B)
Zawlbuk
C)
Hnatlang
D)
Zualko
Step-by-step reasoning: 1. Analysis of the term 'Hnatlang': In Mizo culture, 'Hnatlang' refers to the traditional practice of community voluntary labor. It is a system where members of the village come together to perform tasks for the common good, such as building a house for a needy family, repairing village roads, or clearing forests, usually coordinated by the village authority (Village Council). 2. Evaluation of other options: (a) 'Tlangau' refers to the traditional village crier who made public announcements. (b) 'Zawlbuk' was the traditional bachelor's dormitory, serving as a center for social education and discipline. (d) 'Zualko' refers to the traditional practice of inviting guests or visitors. Therefore, 'Hnatlang' is the only term that describes collective voluntary labor.
If a defaulter fails to pay the public demand, what legal recourse is available?
A)
Civil suit in a District Court
B)
Appeal to the High Court
C)
Recovery through the Public Demands Recovery Act
D)
No legal recourse
The Mizoram Public Demands Recovery Act, 2001, is specifically enacted to provide a streamlined, summary procedure for the recovery of 'public demands' (dues owed to the government) without the need to file a fresh civil suit in a traditional court.
1. Why 'c' is correct: Under this Act, the government can issue a certificate of demand. Once this certificate is filed with the Certificate Officer, it has the effect of a decree of a civil court. The Act provides specific legal mechanisms for recovery, such as attachment and sale of movable/immovable property, arrest and detention of the defaulter, or appointment of a receiver.
2. Why 'a' is incorrect: While a civil suit is a general way to recover debts, the Public Demands Recovery Act is designed to bypass the lengthy process of a standard civil suit to ensure faster recovery of state funds.
3. Why 'b' is incorrect: An appeal to the High Court is a judicial remedy used to challenge a legal decision; it is not the primary mechanism for the government to recover a debt from a defaulter.
4. Why 'd' is incorrect: There are clearly defined legal recourses provided under the law to ensure public money is recovered.
Which of the following is not a function of a municipality under the Act?
A)
Construction and maintenance of public streets
B)
Regulation of building operations
C)
Control of village grazing grounds
D)
Collection and disposal of solid waste
Under the Mizoram Municipalities Act, 2007, the functions of a municipality are primarily focused on urban governance, infrastructure, and public health within the municipal area.
1. Option (a) 'Construction and maintenance of public streets' is a core obligatory function of a municipality to ensure urban connectivity.
2. Option (b) 'Regulation of building operations' is a key regulatory function to ensure planned urban development and safety.
3. Option (d) 'Collection and disposal of solid waste' is a critical sanitation and public health function mandated for municipalities.
Option (c) 'Control of village grazing grounds' is NOT a function of a municipality. Grazing grounds and village commons are typically managed by Village Councils or rural local bodies under the Village Council Act, as they pertain to rural land management rather than urban municipal administration.
Under the Act, who is responsible for the administration of a municipality?
A)
The State Government
B)
The Municipal Board or Council
C)
The District Magistrate
D)
The Union Government
Under the Mizoram Municipalities Act, 2007, the administration of a municipality is vested in a corporate body known as the Municipal Board or Council. This body is composed of elected members (Councillors) and is responsible for the management, administration, and execution of functions within the municipal area.
Why other options are incorrect:
- a. The State Government: While the State Government provides oversight, legislative framework, and funding, it does not handle the day-to-day administration of the municipality.
- c. The District Magistrate: The DM may have certain supervisory or coordinating roles in the district, but the statutory administrative authority for the municipality lies with the Board/Council.
- d. The Union Government: Municipalities are a State subject under the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India; the Union Government has no direct administrative role in individual municipalities.
What is the penalty for a sponsor failing to comply with Inner Line Permit (ILP) regulations in Mizoram?
A)
Warning
B)
Fine
C)
Forfeiture of security deposit and suspension of sponsorship rights
D)
Imprisonment
Under the Inner Line Permit (ILP) regulations implemented in Mizoram, a 'Sponsor' (the person or entity vouching for the visitor) takes legal and financial responsibility for the visitor's conduct and adherence to the permit conditions. To ensure compliance, sponsors are often required to provide a security deposit or a formal undertaking. If a sponsor fails to comply with the regulations—such as failing to report the visitor's departure or if the visitor violates the terms of the permit—the administrative penalty typically involves the forfeiture of the security deposit and the suspension or cancellation of their rights to act as a sponsor for future applicants. Options a, b, and d are generally applied to the permit holder (the visitor) or in cases of criminal breach, whereas the specific administrative penalty for the 'sponsor' focuses on their eligibility and financial guarantee.
Which of the following amounts to a voidable marriage under the Mizo Marriage, Divorce and Inheritance of Property Act 2014?
A)
Inru
B)
Dan Hnihna
C)
Falak
D)
Mak
Under the Mizo Marriage, Divorce and Inheritance of Property Act 2014, the law recognizes traditional Mizo forms of marriage but distinguishes between those that are legally binding and those that are voidable or irregular.
1. **Falak** refers to a form of marriage where a man takes a woman as a second wife or a companion without following the proper customary rites or legal requirements of a primary marriage. Under the Act, such arrangements (specifically those that contravene the monogamy principles or lack legal validity) are treated as voidable marriages.
2. **Inru** is the traditional Mizo customary marriage, which is recognized as a valid marriage under the Act.
3. **Dan Hnihna** refers to the 'Second Law' or a specific customary procedure for regularization, which is generally intended to validate a union rather than make it voidable.
4. **Mak** refers to the bride price or the customary gift given by the groom's family to the bride's family, which is a component of a valid customary marriage, not a type of marriage itself.
Therefore, 'Falak' is the correct answer as it represents a union that does not meet the legal criteria for a valid marriage and is thus voidable.
What is the minimum number of members required to constitute a Village Council under the Lushai Hills (Village Councils) Act, 1953?
A)
3
B)
5
C)
7
D)
9
Under the Lushai Hills (Village Councils) Act, 1953, the composition of a Village Council is defined based on the size and requirements of the village. According to the statutory provisions of the Act, a Village Council must consist of a minimum of 5 members and a maximum of 15 members. The specific number within this range is typically determined by the government or based on the population of the village. Therefore, the minimum threshold required to constitute a legal Village Council under this Act is 5 members. Options a (3), c (7), and d (9) are incorrect as they do not represent the statutory minimum limit defined in the 1953 Act.
Can a defaulter appeal against the recovery proceedings under the Act?
A)
Yes, to the District Revenue Officer
B)
Yes, to the High Court
C)
No, appeals are not permitted
D)
Yes, to the Certificate Officer
The Mizoram Public Demands Recovery Act, 2001, is designed as a summary procedure for the recovery of public demands. Under the statutory framework of the Act, the proceedings conducted by the Certificate Officer are intended to be final and conclusive regarding the recovery process. The Act does not provide a statutory mechanism for a 'defaulter' to file an appeal against the recovery proceedings within the administrative hierarchy of the Act itself. While a person may seek judicial remedy through a Writ Petition in the High Court under the Constitution of India (challenging the legality or procedure), the Act itself does not permit an internal appeal to the District Revenue Officer or the Certificate Officer. Therefore, in the context of the specific provisions of the Act, appeals are not permitted.
What is the validity period of a Regular Inner Line Permit (ILP) in Mizoram?
A)
3 months
B)
6 months
C)
12 months
D)
18 months
Under the Inner Line Permit (ILP) regulations implemented in Mizoram, there are different categories of permits based on the purpose of the visit. A 'Regular' or 'Standard' Inner Line Permit is typically issued for a validity period of 6 months. This allows the holder to enter and exit the state within that timeframe. In contrast, Temporary Permits (often for short-term tourism or specific official visits) may have shorter durations, while special permits for specific categories of people may differ. Therefore, option (b) is the correct standard validity for a Regular ILP.
What is the minimum legal age for marriage for males under the Mizo Marriage, Divorce and Inheritance of Property Act, 2014?
A)
18 years
B)
19 years
C)
21 years
D)
20 years
Under the Mizo Marriage, Divorce and Inheritance of Property Act, 2014, the law specifies the minimum legal age for marriage to ensure the maturity and consent of the parties involved. In alignment with general Indian legal standards for marriage (such as those found in the Special Marriage Act and the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act), the Act stipulates that the minimum legal age for a male to enter into a valid marriage is 21 years. Option (a) 18 years is typically the minimum age for females; options (b) 19 years and (d) 20 years are not the legal thresholds defined for males under this specific legislation.
Who has the authority to dissolve a Village Council before the end of its term?
A)
Village Elders
B)
Deputy Commissioner
C)
Governor of Mizoram
D)
President of India
Under the Lushai Hills (Village Councils) Act, 1953, the administration and oversight of Village Councils are vested in the district administration. Specifically, the Deputy Commissioner (DC) is empowered to dissolve a Village Council before the expiration of its term if it is found that the Council is acting against the interests of the village, failing to perform its duties, or if there is a breakdown of constitutional machinery at the village level.
- Option (a) Village Elders: While they hold traditional respect, they do not possess the legal statutory authority to dissolve a legally constituted Council.
- Option (c) Governor of Mizoram: The Governor is the constitutional head of the state, but the operational management of Village Councils is delegated to the district administration.
- Option (d) President of India: The President's powers are at the national/state level and do not extend to the dissolution of local village-level bodies under this specific Act.
Who conducts the elections to the Village Councils under the Act?
A)
Deputy Commissioner
B)
State Election Commission
C)
Village Elders
D)
Sub-Divisional Officer
Under the Lushai Hills (Village Councils) Act, 1953, the administration and oversight of Village Councils are vested in the district administration. Specifically, the Deputy Commissioner (DC) is the designated authority responsible for the conduct of elections to the Village Councils. The DC ensures that the electoral process is carried out according to the rules prescribed under the Act.
Why other options are incorrect:
- b. State Election Commission: While the SEC handles general local body elections in many Indian states, the specific framework of the 1953 Act for Lushai Hills assigns this duty to the DC.
- c. Village Elders: While elders may have traditional influence, they do not have the legal statutory authority to conduct official elections under the Act.
- d. Sub-Divisional Officer: The SDO may assist in the process or act as a returning officer in some capacities, but the primary authority responsible for conducting the elections under the Act is the Deputy Commissioner.
What is the first step in the recovery process of a public demand under the Act?
A)
Issuance of a certificate
B)
Attachment of property
C)
Filing a civil suit
D)
Publication of a notice
Under the Mizoram Public Demands Recovery Act, 2001, the recovery process begins with the 'Certificate' stage. The Collector (or an authorized officer) first issues a certificate stating that a certain sum of money is due to the government or a public officer. This certificate serves as the formal legal instrument that initiates the recovery proceedings. Once the certificate is filed and served, the recovery officer can then proceed to subsequent steps such as the attachment of property or sale of assets if the demand remains unpaid. Filing a civil suit is generally bypassed by this Act to provide a faster administrative recovery mechanism, and publication of notice typically follows the issuance and service of the certificate.
What is the minimum age for a person to contest in Village Council elections?
A)
18 years
B)
35 years
C)
25 years
D)
21 years
Under the Lushai Hills (Village Councils) Act, 1953, the eligibility criteria for a person to be elected as a member of the Village Council are specified. According to the Act, a person is eligible to contest the election if they are a registered voter of the village and have attained the minimum age of 25 years.
- Option (a) 18 years is the minimum age to be a voter (elector), not a candidate.
- Option (b) 35 years is typically the minimum age for higher constitutional offices (like the President of India), not for Village Councils.
- Option (d) 21 years is a common age requirement for certain local body elections in other jurisdictions, but not for the Village Council under this specific Act.
The principle of restitution is embodied in which provision of CPC?
A)
Section 144
B)
Section 148
C)
Section 151
D)
Section 152
The principle of restitution is embodied in Section 144 of the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC), 1908. Restitution is based on the equitable maxim 'actus curiae neminem gravabit' (an act of the court shall prejudice no one). It ensures that if a party has received a benefit under a decree that is subsequently reversed or modified by a higher court, the party is restored to the position they would have occupied had the original decree not been passed.
Analysis of other options:
- Section 148: Deals with the enlargement of time for doing any act prescribed by the Code.
- Section 151: Deals with the 'Inherent Powers' of the Court to make such orders as may be necessary for the ends of justice or to prevent abuse of the process of the Court.
- Section 152: Deals with the correction of clerical or arithmetical mistakes in judgments, decrees, or orders.
What is the procedure for obtaining a Regular Inner Line Permit (ILP) in Mizoram?
A)
Apply directly to the Ministry of Home Affairs
B)
Submit an application to the Deputy Commissioner with necessary documents
C)
Obtain from Liaison Officers in specified cities
D)
Apply online through the Ministry of External Affairs
The Inner Line Permit (ILP) is a travel document required for Indian citizens from other states to enter Mizoram, as per the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873. For a Regular ILP, the standard administrative procedure involves submitting an application along with supporting documents (such as identity proof and address proof) to the Deputy Commissioner (DC) of the concerned district in Mizoram or the designated authority. While Temporary ILPs can be obtained at entry points or through Liaison Officers in cities like Guwahati or Silchar, the formal process for a Regular permit is handled by the district administration (Deputy Commissioner). Option (a) and (d) are incorrect because the Ministry of Home Affairs sets the policy, but the issuance is decentralized to the state/district level, and the Ministry of External Affairs handles passports/visas for foreign nationals, not ILPs for domestic travel.
Which of the following is not a ground for divorce under the Mizo Marriage, Divorce and Inheritance of Property Act 2014?
A)
Kawngka sula mak
B)
Sum chhuah
C)
Mak
D)
Falak
Under the Mizo Marriage, Divorce and Inheritance of Property Act, 2014, the law recognizes specific traditional and legal grounds for the dissolution of marriage.
1. 'Mak' (Adultery) is a recognized ground for divorce.
2. 'Falak' (Desertion/Abandonment) is a recognized ground for divorce.
3. 'Sum chhuah' (Payment of compensation/settlement for divorce) refers to the traditional process of settling a divorce through financial means, which is recognized under the customary laws integrated into the Act.
'Kawngka sula mak' is not a legally defined ground for divorce under the provisions of the 2014 Act. While it may be a colloquial term or a specific social scenario, it does not constitute a statutory ground for seeking a decree of divorce in a court of law under this specific Act.
The marriage price paid by the bridegroom and received by the head of the bride’s family is known as:
A)
Man
B)
Mantang
C)
Sumfang
D)
Thutphah
Under the Mizo Marriage, Divorce and Inheritance of Property Act, 2014, and traditional Mizo customary law, 'Mantang' refers to the marriage price (bride price) paid by the groom or his family to the bride's family (specifically the head of the family) as a token of respect and as a formal requirement for the marriage.
Analysis of other options:
- 'Man' is a general term for price or value, but not the specific legal/cultural term for marriage price.
- 'Sumfang' generally refers to a fine or a penalty paid in customary law.
- 'Thutphah' refers to a will or a testamentary disposition of property, not a marriage payment.
Under the Mizoram Public Demands Recovery Act, 2001, who is designated as the Certificate Officer responsible for recovery proceedings?
A)
District Magistrate
B)
Sub-Divisional Officer (S.D.O.)
C)
Revenue Officer
D)
Chief Secretary
Under the Mizoram Public Demands Recovery Act, 2001, the authority responsible for the recovery of public demands is the Certificate Officer. According to the administrative framework of the Act, the State Government appoints the Certificate Officer, and typically, the Sub-Divisional Officer (S.D.O.) of the respective subdivision is designated as the Certificate Officer to execute the recovery proceedings, issue certificates, and oversee the attachment or sale of property to recover dues. While the District Magistrate (a) holds overall administrative control, the specific statutory role of the 'Certificate Officer' for the purpose of these proceedings is vested in the S.D.O. Revenue Officers (c) may assist, and the Chief Secretary (d) is a policy-level administrative head and not an executing officer for individual recovery certificates.
Who is empowered to issue a certificate for recovery of public demand under Section 4?
A)
District Magistrate
B)
Deputy Commissioner
C)
Certificate Officer
D)
Chief Secretary
Under the Mizoram Public Demands Recovery Act, 2001, Section 4 specifically deals with the recovery of public demands. According to the statutory provisions of the Act, when a public demand is due, the 'Certificate Officer' is the designated authority empowered to file a certificate for the recovery of the said demand. While the government may appoint specific officials (such as a Deputy Commissioner) to act as a Certificate Officer, the legal authority and the power to issue the certificate are vested in the role of the 'Certificate Officer' as defined by the Act. Therefore, option (c) is the most accurate legal answer, as it refers to the specific statutory designation empowered by Section 4.
What is the primary purpose of the Mizoram Municipalities Act, 2007?
A)
To regulate rural development
B)
To establish municipalities for urban governance
C)
To manage forest resources
D)
To control agricultural practices
The Mizoram Municipalities Act, 2007 was enacted to provide for the constitution and management of municipalities in the state of Mizoram. Its primary objective is to implement urban local self-governance, allowing urban areas to manage their own civic administration, infrastructure, and public services.
Analysis of options:
- Option (a) is incorrect because rural development is governed by the Mizoram Village Councils/Act and Panchayati Raj frameworks, not the Municipalities Act.
- Option (b) is correct as the Act specifically deals with the creation and regulation of municipal bodies for urban areas.
- Option (c) is incorrect because forest resources are managed under the Forest Act and the Department of Forests & Environment.
- Option (d) is incorrect because agricultural practices are managed by the Department of Agriculture and related land laws, not by urban municipal bodies.
Under the Act, which of the following is a judicial function of the Village Council?
A)
Approving construction of roads
B)
Settling local disputes among villagers
C)
Issuing birth and death certificates
D)
Collecting village taxes
The Lushai Hills (Village Councils) Act, 1953, empowers the Village Council to act as a local administrative and quasi-judicial body. A 'judicial function' refers to the power to hear disputes, interpret local customs/rules, and provide resolutions or judgments. Settling local disputes among villagers is a core judicial function of the Council, allowing for the resolution of conflicts at the grassroots level before they escalate to higher courts.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Option (a) 'Approving construction of roads' is an administrative or developmental function.
- Option (c) 'Issuing birth and death certificates' is a clerical or registration function.
- Option (d) 'Collecting village taxes' is a fiscal or revenue-related administrative function.
Section 43 of Mizoram Municipalities Act, 2007, Provided that if the District Magistrate in setting aside the election holds a candidate guilty of any corrupt practice, he may declare such candidate disqualified for contesting an election to a Municipality for a period not _____________.
A)
exceeding five years.
B)
exceeding six years.
C)
exceeding one years.
D)
exceeding two years.
According to Section 43 of the Mizoram Municipalities Act, 2007, which deals with the setting aside of elections, there is a specific proviso regarding candidates found guilty of corrupt practices. The Act stipulates that if the District Magistrate, while setting aside an election, finds a candidate guilty of any corrupt practice, they have the authority to disqualify that candidate from contesting any election to a Municipality for a period not exceeding six years. This measure is intended to maintain the integrity of the democratic process within the municipal governance of Mizoram. Options a, c, and d are incorrect as they specify timeframes (five, one, and two years respectively) that do not align with the statutory limit prescribed in the Act.