← MES Jr. Grade
Past Questions
In the system concepts, the term integration
A)
Implies structure and order
B)
Refers to the manner in which each component functions with other components of the system
C)
Means that parts of computer system depends on one another
D)
Refers to the holism of systems
In system concepts, integration means how the different components of a system work together and interact with one another as a whole. Option (b) states this directly. Option (a) describes structure/order, (c) describes interdependence, and (d) refers to holism, which is a broader systems idea but not the specific meaning of integration.
A single channel is shared by multiple signals by
A)
Analog modulation
B)
Digital modulation
C)
Multiplexing
D)
Demultiplexing
A single communication channel can be shared by multiple signals using multiplexing. In multiplexing, several input signals are combined for transmission over one medium, and then separated at the receiver. Analog modulation and digital modulation are methods of encoding signals, while demultiplexing is the reverse process of separating combined signals.
What defines how and where data are organised in physical data storage?
A)
Internal schema
B)
Conceptual schema
C)
External schema
D)
None of these
In the three-schema architecture of DBMS, the internal schema describes the physical storage of data—how data are organized and where they are stored in the database system. The conceptual schema describes the overall logical structure of the database, and the external schema describes user views. Therefore, the correct answer is Internal schema.
In computer network, nodes are
A)
the computer that originates the data
B)
the computer that routes the data
C)
the computer that terminates the data
D)
All of these
In a computer network, a node is any device connected to the network. It can be the source/originator of data, an intermediate router that forwards data, or the destination/terminating computer. Therefore, all the given options are correct.
In a __________ topology, if there are n devices in a network, each device has n-1 ports for cables.
A)
Star
B)
Bus
C)
Mesh
D)
Ring
In a full mesh topology, every device is directly connected to every other device. So if there are n devices, each device needs n-1 ports to connect to the remaining n-1 devices. Star uses one central hub, bus uses a single backbone cable, and ring connects devices in a closed loop, so none of these require n-1 ports per device.
The ____________ scheme uses a page table containing pointers to all pages; the page table itself and all updated pages are copied to a new location.
A)
Shadow copy
B)
Shadow paging
C)
Update log records
D)
All of these
Shadow paging is the scheme in which the page table contains pointers to all pages, and when updates occur, the page table and modified pages are copied to a new location. The original pages remain unchanged until commit.
Why not the others:
- Shadow copy: not the standard DBMS recovery term here.
- Update log records: this refers to log-based recovery, not copying page tables and pages.
- All of these: incorrect because only shadow paging matches the description.
What would be investigated during Requirements analysis?
A)
System performance, Test Scheduling, Organisational Structure
B)
Languages, Platforms, Competition
C)
System Context, User Populations, User Tasks
D)
Verification, Formal Methods, Accuracy
Requirements analysis focuses on understanding what the system should do and the environment in which it will operate. This includes the system context, the different user populations, and the tasks users need to perform. Option (a) relates more to project management and testing, (b) to technology/market considerations, and (d) to verification and validation activities rather than requirements analysis.
A transaction is in __________ state after the final statement has been executed.
A)
partially committed
B)
active
C)
committed
D)
None of these
In DBMS, after the final statement of a transaction has been executed, the transaction enters the **partially committed** state. At this point, all operations are done, but the changes are not yet guaranteed to be permanent until the commit is completed.
- **Active**: the transaction is still executing its statements.
- **Partially committed**: final statement executed, waiting for commit to be made durable.
- **Committed**: the transaction has successfully completed and its effects are permanently saved.
- **None of these**: incorrect because the correct state is listed in option (a).
In the spiral model ‘risk analysis’ is performed
A)
in the first loop
B)
in the first and second loop
C)
before using spiral model
D)
in every loop
In the spiral model, each cycle (loop) includes risk analysis as a core activity. The model is risk-driven, so risks are identified, analyzed, and resolved in every iteration before moving to the next phase. Hence, risk analysis is performed in every loop. Options (a), (b), and (c) are incorrect because risk analysis is not limited to only the first loop or done only before starting the model.
If the state of the database no longer reflects a real state of the world that the database is supposed to capture, then such a state is called
A)
Consistent state
B)
Parallel state
C)
Atomic state
D)
Inconsistent state
A database is said to be in an inconsistent state when its contents no longer correctly represent the real-world situation it is meant to model. By contrast, a consistent state accurately reflects the intended constraints and facts. 'Atomic state' refers to transaction properties, and 'parallel state' is not the correct DBMS term here.
What is a disjoint less constraint?
A)
It requires that an entity belongs to no more than one level entity set.
B)
The same entity may belong to more than one level.
C)
The database must contain an unmatched foreign key value.
D)
An entity can be joined with another entity in the same level entity set.
In an EER (Enhanced Entity-Relationship) model, a disjoint constraint means an entity instance can participate in only one of the subclass/entity sets in a specialization hierarchy. So an entity belongs to no more than one level entity set. Option (b) describes an overlapping constraint, while (c) and (d) are unrelated to disjointness.
Which of the following is a project scheduling method that can be applied to software development?
A)
PERT
B)
CMM
C)
CPM
D)
Both (a) and (c)
PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) and CPM (Critical Path Method) are both project scheduling techniques used to plan, sequence, and monitor project activities, including software development projects. CMM (Capability Maturity Model) is not a scheduling method; it is a process maturity framework for assessing and improving software process capability. Therefore, the correct answer is Both (a) and (c).
This topology requires multipoint connection
A)
Bus
B)
Ring
C)
Star
D)
Mesh
In a bus topology, all devices share a single communication line, so it uses a multipoint connection. Ring, star, and mesh topologies are generally based on point-to-point links between devices or through a central node, not a shared multipoint backbone.
When R∩S = Φ, then the cost of computing is
A)
the same as R × S
B)
greater the R × S
C)
less than R × S
D)
cannot say anything
If R ∩ S = Φ, the two relations have no common tuples. In such a case, the result of the operation is empty, so the computation can be done more cheaply than a full Cartesian product R × S. A Cartesian product always generates all pair combinations, which is the most expensive case. Therefore, the cost is less than R × S.
Functional Dependencies are the types of constraints that are based on
A)
Key
B)
Key revisited
C)
Superset Key
D)
None of these
Functional dependencies are integrity constraints in a relational database that are based on the concept of a key. They describe how one set of attributes determines another set of attributes. Among the given options, 'Key' is the correct basis. 'Key revisited' and 'Superset Key' are not standard definitions for functional dependencies, and 'None of these' is incorrect.
In _______ transmission, the channel capacity is shared by both communicating devices at all times.
A)
Simplex
B)
Half-duplex
C)
Full-duplex
D)
Half-simplex
In full-duplex transmission, both devices can send and receive simultaneously, so the channel capacity is shared by both communicating devices at all times. In simplex, communication is only one-way. In half-duplex, both devices can communicate, but not at the same time. 'Half-simplex' is not a standard transmission mode.
Which of the following ensures the atomicity of the transaction?
A)
Transaction management component of DBMS
B)
Application Programmer
C)
Concurrency control component of DBMS
D)
Recovery management component of DBMS
Atomicity means a transaction is treated as an all-or-nothing operation: either all its changes are committed, or none are applied. In a DBMS, the recovery management component ensures this by using mechanisms like logging, undo, and rollback after failures. The transaction management component coordinates transactions, and concurrency control mainly ensures isolation, not atomicity. The application programmer does not guarantee atomicity at the DBMS level.
When 2 or more bits in a data unit has been changed during the transmission, the error is called
A)
Burst error
B)
Random error
C)
Bit error
D)
Inverted error
A burst error occurs when two or more bits in a data unit are changed during transmission. It usually affects a sequence of bits, not just a single isolated bit. A bit error refers to a change in one bit only, while random error is not the standard term for this specific pattern. 'Inverted error' is not the correct networking term here.
The tuples of the relations can be of __________ order.
A)
Any
B)
Same
C)
Sorted
D)
Constant
In the relational model, a relation is a set of tuples, and sets do not have any inherent order. Therefore, the tuples of a relation can be in any order. 'Sorted' is not required, 'Same' is meaningless here, and 'Constant' is incorrect.
An entity set that does not have sufficient attributes to form a primary key is a
A)
Strong entity set
B)
Weak entity set
C)
Simple entity set
D)
Primary entity set
A weak entity set does not have enough attributes to form its own primary key. It depends on a related strong entity set for identification, using a partial key plus the key of the owner entity. A strong entity set, on the other hand, has its own primary key. 'Simple entity set' and 'primary entity set' are not the correct standard terms here.
In CSMA/CD the transmission is deferred for a period of time called
A)
Interpacket Space
B)
Interframe Space
C)
Intermessage space
D)
Transmission delay
In CSMA/CD, after the medium becomes idle, a station waits for a short deferment period before transmitting. This waiting time is commonly referred to as the interpacket space. The other options are not the standard term used for CSMA/CD deferment.
A quantitative measure of the degree to which a system, component, or process posses a given attribute
A)
Measure
B)
Measurement
C)
Metric
D)
None of these
In software engineering, a **metric** is defined as a quantitative measure of the degree to which a system, component, or process possesses a given attribute.
- **Measure** is a general term, not the specific software engineering definition.
- **Measurement** is the act or result of measuring, but the standard term for the quantitative indicator itself is **metric**.
- Therefore, the correct answer is **(c) Metric**.
DML is provided for
A)
Description of logical structure of database
B)
Addition of new structures in the database system
C)
Manipulation & processing of database
D)
Definition of physical structure of database system
DML stands for Data Manipulation Language. It is used to retrieve, insert, update, and delete data in a database, i.e., for manipulation and processing of database records. Option (a) refers to DDL/DB schema description, option (b) is about adding structures, and option (d) refers to physical database definition, not DML.
A TCP/IP application service that converts user-friendly names to IP addresses is
A)
Browser
B)
Web-server
C)
Domain name system
D)
Domain name suit
The TCP/IP service that translates human-friendly domain names like www.example.com into IP addresses is the Domain Name System (DNS). It acts like the Internet's phonebook. Browser and web-server are not name-to-IP translation services, and 'Domain name suit' is an incorrect term.
Which of the following is a top-down process?
A)
Specialisation
B)
Categorisation R S
C)
Generalisation
D)
None of these
In database design, a top-down process starts from a general entity and then moves toward more specific entities. This is called generalisation. Specialisation is the opposite, i.e., a bottom-up process where specific entities are combined into a more general one. Hence, the correct answer is Generalisation.