← AD (Town Planning)
Past Questions — 2023
Which of the following best describes social planning?
A)
A process that aims to address social issues and improve the well-being of communities.
B)
The implementation of policies focused solely on economic development.
C)
A strategy to promote individualism and reduce collective responsibility.
D)
The exclusion of marginalized groups from decision-making processes.
Step-by-step reasoning:
1. Definition of Social Planning: Social planning is a deliberate process used by governments and community organizations to guide the development of social services and infrastructure to meet the needs of a population. Its primary goal is to enhance the quality of life, ensure social equity, and resolve systemic social problems (such as poverty, housing instability, or lack of healthcare).
2. Evaluating Option (a): This option aligns perfectly with the definition, as it focuses on addressing social issues and improving community well-being.
3. Evaluating Option (b): Economic development is a component of overall planning, but social planning specifically focuses on the 'social' dimension (people and services) rather than 'solely' on economic growth.
4. Evaluating Option (c): Social planning is inherently collective and community-oriented; promoting individualism and reducing collective responsibility is the opposite of its objective.
5. Evaluating Option (d): A core tenet of modern social planning is inclusivity and social justice; excluding marginalized groups would be a failure of social planning, not a description of it.
For a project activity, the optimistic, the pessimistic and the most likely times are 4, 14, and 6 days respectively. Its average time is
A)
9 days
B)
7 days
C)
5 days
D)
11 days
In PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique), the average time (also known as the Expected Time, $t_e$) for a project activity is calculated using the Beta distribution formula:
$t_e = \frac{t_o + 4t_m + t_p}{6}$
Where:
- $t_o$ = Optimistic time = 4 days
- $t_m$ = Most likely time = 6 days
- $t_p$ = Pessimistic time = 14 days
Substituting the given values into the formula:
$t_e = \frac{4 + 4(6) + 14}{6}$
$t_e = \frac{4 + 24 + 14}{6}$
$t_e = \frac{42}{6}$
$t_e = 7$ days
Therefore, the average time for the activity is 7 days. Option (b) is correct, while options (a), (c), and (d) are incorrect as they do not match the result of the standard PERT calculation.
Waste removal system was established in which of the following cities for the first time?
A)
Athens
B)
Paris
C)
London
D)
New Delhi
Historically, Athens is credited with establishing the first organized municipal waste removal system. Around 500 BCE, the Athenians implemented a law requiring that all waste be deposited at least 1.5 kilometers (about one mile) outside the city walls to maintain public hygiene and prevent the spread of disease. This represents one of the earliest recorded instances of a state-mandated waste management system in urban history. While cities like London and Paris developed sophisticated sewage and waste systems much later (particularly during the Industrial Revolution and the mid-19th century), and New Delhi is a modern planned city, the foundational concept of a municipal waste removal system originated in ancient Athens.
A design of toilet in which human s excreta is treated by earthworm is called
A)
Composting Toilet
B)
Vermi-processing Toilet
C)
Eco-san Toilet
D)
None of these
The question asks for a toilet design where human excreta is treated specifically by earthworms.
1. **Vermi-processing Toilet (Vermi-toilet):** This is a specialized sanitation system that uses earthworms (typically species like Eisenia fetida) to decompose human excreta. The worms break down the organic matter into nutrient-rich vermicompost, significantly reducing the volume of waste and eliminating the need for frequent desludging. This is the correct answer.
2. **Composting Toilet:** While this also treats waste to create compost, it primarily relies on aerobic decomposition by bacteria and fungi. While worms may naturally occur in some composting systems, a 'composting toilet' as a general category does not specifically define the use of earthworms as the primary treatment mechanism.
3. **Eco-san Toilet (Ecological Sanitation):** This is a broad umbrella term for sanitation systems that recover nutrients (like urine-diverting dry toilets). While vermi-processing is a type of ecological sanitation, 'Eco-san' is too general a term to be the specific answer when 'Vermi-processing' is provided as an option.
What is the World s Largest potential source of biomass energy?
A)
Animal Waste
B)
Industrial Waste
C)
Fibrous Waste of the paper industry.
D)
Fibrous Waste of the sugar industry.
Biomass energy is derived from organic materials. When comparing the options provided:
1. **Animal Waste (Option a):** On a global scale, livestock and animal waste represent one of the largest and most consistent sources of biomass energy, primarily through the production of biogas (methane) via anaerobic digestion. Given the massive scale of global livestock farming, the potential for energy recovery from manure is immense.
2. **Industrial Waste (Option b):** While significant, industrial waste is a broad category and often contains non-organic materials that cannot be used for biomass energy.
3. **Fibrous Waste of the paper industry (Option c):** This is a specific niche source of biomass. While useful for heat and power in specific plants, its total global volume is far lower than animal waste.
4. **Fibrous Waste of the sugar industry (Option d):** This refers primarily to bagasse. While bagasse is a major energy source in tropical regions (like Brazil and India), its global distribution is limited to sugar-producing zones, making its total global potential smaller than the ubiquitous presence of animal waste.
Therefore, among the given choices, animal waste represents the largest potential source of biomass energy globally.
Non continuous repayment of loans of the property in a continuous manner is termed as:
A)
Home Construction Loans
B)
Home Improvement Loans
C)
Non-performing Assets
D)
Under Utilised Assets
Step-by-step reasoning: 1. The question describes a scenario where loans (specifically those tied to property) are not being repaid in a continuous or regular manner. 2. In banking and finance, when a borrower stops making scheduled payments of interest or principal for a specific period (typically 90 days), the loan is no longer generating income for the bank. 3. Such loans are classified as 'Non-performing Assets' (NPAs). 4. Analyzing other options: (a) Home Construction Loans and (b) Home Improvement Loans are types of loan products, not a status of repayment. (d) Under Utilised Assets refers to assets that are not being used to their full potential, which is a different economic concept from loan default. Therefore, option (c) is the correct technical term for loans with non-continuous repayment.
What is the main criteria for identification of scheduled V and VI of the constitution?
A)
Tribal Population
B)
Geographical Area
C)
Natural Resources
D)
None of the above
The Fifth and Sixth Schedules of the Indian Constitution are specifically designed to provide for the administration and control of areas where there is a significant concentration of Scheduled Tribes (STs).
1. **Fifth Schedule**: Applies to 'Scheduled Areas' in any state other than the four states mentioned in the Sixth Schedule. The criteria for designating an area as a 'Scheduled Area' under the Fifth Schedule is primarily based on the predominance of the tribal population, their customs, and their social/economic backwardness.
2. **Sixth Schedule**: Provides for the administration of tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram. These areas are managed through Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) to protect the indigenous tribal culture and land rights.
Therefore, the primary identifying criterion for both schedules is the presence and concentration of the Tribal Population.
- **Option b (Geographical Area)** is a result of the identification, not the primary criteria.
- **Option c (Natural Resources)** may be a factor in the administration of these areas, but it is not the legal criteria for their identification under the Constitution.
Which of these is not a part of sewage and sanitation?
A)
Septic Tank
B)
Land Fill
C)
Soak Pit
D)
Piping System
To solve this question, we must distinguish between 'Sewage/Sanitation' (the management of liquid waste/wastewater) and 'Solid Waste Management'.
1. **Septic Tank (Option a):** This is a primary treatment system for sewage (liquid waste) in areas without a centralized sewer system. It is a core part of onsite sanitation.
2. **Land Fill (Option b):** A landfill is a site for the disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW). While it falls under the broader umbrella of 'Environmental Engineering', it is specifically a part of solid waste management, not sewage (liquid waste) or sanitation systems.
3. **Soak Pit (Option c):** A soak pit is a covered sloping pit that allows sewage or greywater to soak into the ground. It is typically used in conjunction with a septic tank for liquid waste disposal.
4. **Piping System (Option d):** Piping is the fundamental infrastructure used to transport sewage from the source to the treatment plant or disposal site.
Therefore, while Septic Tanks, Soak Pits, and Piping Systems are all integral components of sewage and liquid sanitation systems, a Land Fill is used for solid waste.
The poorest region of the world is
A)
Asia
B)
Middle East
C)
Sub-Saharan Africa
D)
Latin America
To determine the poorest region of the world, economists typically look at indicators such as GDP per capita, the Human Development Index (HDI), and the percentage of the population living below the international poverty line (set by the World Bank).
1. **Sub-Saharan Africa**: This region consistently records the lowest average GDP per capita globally. It faces systemic challenges including political instability, dependence on primary commodity exports, inadequate infrastructure, and high burdens of disease. According to World Bank data, the highest concentration of people living in extreme poverty (less than $2.15 a day) is found in this region.
2. **Asia**: While Asia contains some of the world's poorest countries, it also includes global economic powerhouses (China, Japan, India) and high-income nations (Singapore, South Korea), making the region as a whole significantly wealthier than Sub-Saharan Africa.
3. **Middle East**: This region is highly varied, but the presence of oil-rich Gulf nations (GCC) significantly raises the average regional income.
4. **Latin America**: While facing significant inequality, Latin America is generally classified as consisting of middle-income economies, with much higher average income levels than those found in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Public Distribution System aimed at
A)
Providing food security to the poor
B)
To prevent hoarding and black marketing
C)
To prevent overcharging by the traders
D)
All of the above
The Public Distribution System (PDS) is a government-sponsored mechanism designed to ensure food security and price stability.
1. Providing food security to the poor: This is the primary objective. By distributing essential commodities (like rice, wheat, and sugar) at subsidized rates through Fair Price Shops (FPS), the government ensures that the marginalized sections of society have access to basic nutrition.
2. Preventing hoarding and black marketing: By controlling the supply chain and maintaining buffer stocks through agencies like the Food Corporation of India (FCI), the government prevents private traders from stockpiling goods to create artificial shortages.
3. Preventing overcharging by traders: By providing a subsidized alternative and regulating the market price of essential commodities, the PDS prevents private traders from exploiting consumers by charging exorbitant prices during periods of scarcity.
Since all three objectives (a, b, and c) are integral goals of the PDS, the correct answer is 'All of the above'.
Which of the following tool facilitates public authority in creation of public project like Railway, Irrigation and Dam projects?
A)
Site and Service Scheme
B)
Land Pooling
C)
Land Acquisition
D)
Land Re-adjustment
Step-by-step reasoning:
1. Analysis of the requirement: The question asks for a tool used by public authorities to create large-scale public infrastructure projects such as Railways, Irrigation, and Dams. These projects typically require continuous strips of land or large contiguous tracts of land, often crossing multiple private ownership boundaries.
2. Evaluating Option (c) Land Acquisition: Land acquisition is the legal process by which a government or public authority takes private land for public use, usually providing compensation to the owner. This is the primary and most powerful tool used for 'linear' infrastructure (like railways) and 'area-based' infrastructure (like dams) where the state must ensure total control over the site to execute the project.
3. Evaluating Option (a) Site and Service Scheme: This is a housing strategy where the government provides a plot of land with basic services (water, electricity) to low-income groups to build their own homes. It is not used for large infrastructure projects.
4. Evaluating Option (b) Land Pooling: This is a collaborative urban planning tool where landowners surrender their land to a planning authority, which develops the infrastructure and returns a smaller, developed plot to the owner. While used for urban expansion, it is not the primary tool for dams or railways, which are typically non-residential and non-returnable.
5. Evaluating Option (d) Land Re-adjustment: This involves the redistribution of land parcels within a specific area to improve layout and provide space for public amenities without changing the total area of ownership. It is a tool for urban renewal/planning, not for the creation of massive state-led infrastructure like dams.
Conclusion: Land Acquisition is the only tool among the options that allows the state to forcibly (under law) acquire the necessary land for critical public utility projects.
The best method of disposal of refuse to ensure complete destruction of pathogenic bacteria is by
A)
Land Disposal
B)
Incineration
C)
Pulverisation
D)
Mechanical Composting
Step-by-step reasoning:
1. The objective is to identify the method that ensures the 'complete destruction' of pathogenic bacteria.
2. Land Disposal (Sanitary Landfill) involves burying waste. While it isolates pathogens, it does not destroy them completely; some bacteria can survive for long periods in anaerobic conditions.
3. Incineration is a high-temperature thermal treatment process. The extreme heat (typically ranging from 800°C to 1200°C) effectively sterilizes the waste by oxidizing organic matter and destroying all microorganisms, including highly resistant pathogenic bacteria and viruses. This makes it the gold standard for medical and hazardous waste disposal.
4. Pulverisation is a mechanical process of grinding waste into smaller particles. It changes the physical form but does not eliminate biological pathogens.
5. Mechanical Composting uses aeration and mechanical turning to speed up biological decomposition. While the heat generated during composting (thermophilic phase) can kill many pathogens, it is not as consistent or complete as the high-temperature combustion found in incineration.
Therefore, incineration is the most effective method for the total destruction of pathogens.
A Pictorial chart is made for the construction project in item wise with the duration of time is known as
A)
Duration chart
B)
Bar Chart
C)
Time Chart
D)
Project Chart
In project management, a Bar Chart (specifically the Gantt Chart) is a pictorial representation used to schedule project activities. It lists the project items (tasks) on the vertical axis and the time scale on the horizontal axis. Each activity is represented by a horizontal bar; the length of the bar corresponds to the duration of the activity, and its position indicates the start and finish dates.
Why other options are incorrect:
- a. Duration chart: This is a general term and not a standard technical name for a specific pictorial scheduling tool.
- c. Time chart: While it involves time, 'Time Chart' is too generic and does not specifically refer to the item-wise pictorial bar representation used in construction planning.
- d. Project chart: This is a broad term that could refer to any chart related to a project (like an organizational chart or a PERT chart), whereas the description specifically matches the definition of a Bar Chart.
A PERT network has 9 activities on its critical path. The standard deviation of each activity on the critical path is 3. The standard deviation of the critical path is
A)
3
B)
9
C)
27
D)
81
In PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique), the total variance of a path is the sum of the variances of the individual activities on that path.
1. **Given Data**:
- Number of activities on the critical path (n) = 9
- Standard deviation of each activity (σ_i) = 3
2. **Calculate Variance of each activity**:
Variance (σ²) is the square of the standard deviation.
σ_i² = 3² = 9
3. **Calculate Total Variance of the Critical Path (σ_path²)**:
σ_path² = Σ (σ_i²)
Since there are 9 activities with the same variance:
σ_path² = 9 × 9 = 81
4. **Calculate Standard Deviation of the Critical Path (σ_path)**:
The standard deviation is the square root of the total variance.
σ_path = √81 = 9
Therefore, the standard deviation of the critical path is 9.
- Option (a) is incorrect because it is the standard deviation of a single activity.
- Option (c) is incorrect as it results from multiplying the number of activities by the standard deviation (9 * 3), which is mathematically incorrect for independent random variables.
- Option (d) is incorrect because it is the total variance, not the standard deviation.
Which one of the following does have some limitation when applied to detailed engineering design work during early stages of project?
A)
CPM
B)
PERT
C)
Dummy Activity
D)
Estimate
To determine the correct answer, we must analyze the characteristics of the two primary project management techniques: CPM (Critical Path Method) and PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique).
1. **CPM (Critical Path Method):** CPM is a deterministic model. It assumes that the time required to complete each activity is known with certainty based on previous experience. Because it relies on fixed time estimates, it is highly effective for repetitive, well-defined projects (like construction). However, during the 'early stages' of detailed engineering design work, there is often high uncertainty and a lack of historical data for specific tasks. Applying a deterministic model (CPM) to an uncertain environment is a significant limitation.
2. **PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique):** PERT is a probabilistic model. It uses three time estimates (Optimistic, Most Likely, and Pessimistic) to account for uncertainty. This makes PERT specifically designed for R&D and early-stage engineering projects where activity durations are not known with certainty.
3. **Dummy Activity:** This is a logical tool used in AOA (Activity-on-Arrow) networks to show dependencies; it is not a project management methodology and does not have 'limitations' regarding the stage of design in the same context as CPM/PERT.
4. **Estimate:** An estimate is a general term for predicting costs or time; it is a component of planning, not a scheduling system with systemic limitations in the context of CPM vs PERT.
Conclusion: Since detailed engineering design in early stages involves high uncertainty, the deterministic nature of CPM makes it limited compared to the probabilistic nature of PERT.
The process of forecasting or approximating the time and cost of completing project deliverables is called
A)
Budgeting
B)
Estimating
C)
Planning
D)
None of these
In Project Management, 'Estimating' is the specific process of forecasting or approximating the time, cost, and resources required to complete project deliverables. It involves using techniques such as Analogous Estimating, Parametric Estimating, or Three-Point Estimating to predict future requirements based on available data.
Why other options are incorrect:
- a. Budgeting: This is the process of allocating the estimated costs to specific time periods or work packages to create a cost baseline. Budgeting happens *after* estimating.
- c. Planning: This is a broad, overarching phase that encompasses estimating, budgeting, scheduling, and risk management. While estimating is part of planning, 'planning' itself is not the specific act of forecasting time and cost.
- d. None of these: Incorrect, as 'Estimating' accurately describes the process defined in the question.
The time by which the activity completion time can be delayed without affecting the start of succeeding activities is known as
A)
Duration
B)
Total Float
C)
Free Float
D)
Interfering Float
In project management (specifically in CPM/PERT networks), 'Float' or 'Slack' refers to the amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the project or subsequent activities.
1. **Free Float (FF):** This is defined as the amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the early start (ES) of any immediate successor activity. The formula is: FF = ES (next activity) - EF (current activity). This matches the definition provided in the question.
2. **Total Float (TF):** This is the amount of time an activity can be delayed from its early start without delaying the overall project completion date. Total float is generally larger than or equal to free float.
3. **Interfering Float (IF):** This is the difference between Total Float and Free Float. It is the part of the total float that, if used, will delay the start of succeeding activities but not the project completion date.
4. **Duration:** This is simply the total time required to complete an activity, not a measure of delay flexibility.
Therefore, since the question specifically mentions not affecting the 'start of succeeding activities', the correct term is Free Float.
Formation of NITI AYOG was announced in
A)
15 August 2018
B)
15 August 2014
C)
15 August 2016
D)
26 January 2016
Step-by-step reasoning: 1. NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) was established to replace the Planning Commission of India. 2. The formation of NITI Aayog was officially announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his Independence Day speech on 15 August 2014. 3. While the announcement was made on 15 August 2014, the formal government resolution to establish the body was passed on 1 January 2015. 4. Comparing this to the options provided: Option (a) 2018, (c) 2016, and (d) 2016 are chronologically incorrect as the announcement happened in 2014. Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.
Who among the following had propounded the concept of ‘Trusteeship’?
A)
M.N Roy
B)
Aurobindo Ghosh
C)
GK Gokhale
D)
Mahatma Gandhi
The concept of 'Trusteeship' was propounded by Mahatma Gandhi. It is a socio-economic philosophy that suggests wealthy individuals should act as 'trustees' of their wealth for the benefit of the common people, rather than viewing themselves as sole owners. Gandhi believed that this approach would resolve class conflict and achieve social justice without the need for violent revolution or forced redistribution of wealth.
Why other options are incorrect:
- M.N. Roy: He was a prominent figure in the Communist movement and later the founder of Radical Humanism, focusing on scientific rationalism and atheism.
- Aurobindo Ghosh: He was a spiritual philosopher and nationalist known for his theories on integral yoga and spiritual evolution.
- GK Gokhale: He was a moderate leader of the Indian National Congress who focused on constitutional reforms and administrative improvements through legal means.
As per National Health Mission, how many Primary Health Centre (PHC) is dedicated for 20000 tribal population?
A)
4
B)
3
C)
2
D)
1
Under the guidelines of the National Health Mission (NHM) and the Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS), the norms for the establishment of Primary Health Centres (PHCs) are based on population density and terrain. For plain areas, a PHC is typically established for every 30,000 people. However, for hilly, tribal, or difficult terrain areas, the population norm is reduced to ensure better accessibility to healthcare. In these tribal/hilly areas, one PHC is dedicated to every 20,000 people. Therefore, for a tribal population of 20,000, 1 PHC is required.
Any family who on account of acquisition of land must be relocated and resettled from the affected area to the resettlement area is called
A)
Displaced family
B)
Affected Family
C)
Beneficiary
D)
All of these
In the context of land acquisition, rehabilitation, and resettlement (R&R) laws (such as the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013), a distinction is made between 'Affected Families' and 'Displaced Families'.
1. **Displaced Family**: This refers specifically to a family that has to be relocated and resettled from the affected area to a resettlement area because their residence or place of business is being acquired. The key element here is the physical movement (relocation) from one area to another.
2. **Affected Family**: This is a broader term. It includes not only those who are displaced but also those who lose their primary source of livelihood (e.g., agricultural laborers, tenants, or artisans) even if they are not physically relocated from their homes.
3. **Beneficiary**: This is a general term for anyone receiving a benefit or compensation, but it is not the legal definition for a family requiring relocation.
Since the question specifically mentions the requirement to be 'relocated and resettled from the affected area to the resettlement area', the correct technical term is 'Displaced family'.
Which of the following statement is defining the Total Fertility Rate (TFR).
A)
total number of children born in a country in a given year divided by labor force.
B)
number of children born to average woman during her reproductive years.
C)
number of births in a country divided by total population in a given year.
D)
number of women age 15-45 in a country divided by total population.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is a demographic metric that represents the average number of children a woman would have if she were to pass through her childbearing years (typically defined as ages 15–44 or 15–49) experiencing the current age-specific fertility rates.
Analysis of options:
- Option (a) is incorrect because the labor force is not used as a denominator for fertility rates; fertility is measured relative to the female population of reproductive age.
- Option (b) is correct as it accurately describes the conceptual definition of TFR: the average number of children born to a woman over her lifetime/reproductive span.
- Option (c) describes the 'Crude Birth Rate' (CBR), which is the total number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per year.
- Option (d) describes a population proportion or demographic structure ratio, not a fertility rate.
The simplest explanation based on Lewis s model for rural-urban migration is
A)
that people migrate when urban wages exceed rural wages.
B)
a higher expected income in urban areas.
C)
better infrastructure in urban areas.
D)
the availability of labour-intensive jobs in urban areas.
The Lewis Model (also known as the Dual Sector Model), developed by Sir Arthur Lewis, describes the transition of a developing economy from a traditional agricultural sector to a modern industrial sector.
1. **Core Premise**: The model assumes a 'dual economy' consisting of a rural subsistence sector (with surplus labor and zero or very low marginal productivity) and an urban industrial sector.
2. **The Driver of Migration**: The primary catalyst for migration in this model is the wage differential. Lewis posits that workers will migrate from the rural sector to the urban sector as long as the urban industrial wage is higher than the rural subsistence wage (typically by a small premium to encourage the move).
3. **Mechanism**: Because there is 'surplus labor' in the rural areas, workers can move to the city without reducing agricultural output. The industrial sector continues to grow by hiring this labor at a constant wage until the surplus labor is exhausted.
Why other options are incorrect:
- **Option b**: While 'expected income' is a general driver of migration (often associated with the Harris-Todaro model), the Lewis model specifically focuses on the actual wage gap between the two sectors.
- **Option c**: Infrastructure is a 'pull factor' in general urban geography, but it is not the theoretical basis of the Lewis economic model.
- **Option d**: While labor-intensive jobs provide the demand for workers, the *explanation for the migration itself* in the Lewis model is the wage incentive, not merely the existence of the jobs.
Least polluted city in North east is
A)
Guwahati
B)
Aizawl
C)
Imphal
D)
Kohima
Based on air quality indices (AQI) and environmental data reports for the North Eastern Region of India, Aizawl (Mizoram) consistently records some of the lowest levels of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) compared to other major urban centers in the region.
1. Guwahati (Assam) is the largest city in the North East and suffers from significant pollution due to high traffic density, industrial activity, and geographical trapping of pollutants.
2. Imphal (Manipur) and Kohima (Nagaland) generally have better air quality than Guwahati, but Aizawl's specific topography and lower industrial footprint often place it as one of the cleanest cities in terms of air pollution in the region.
In the context of competitive exams for Town Planning and Environmental Quality, Aizawl is recognized for maintaining a lower pollution profile relative to the more industrialized or densely populated hubs of the North East.
Which North-eastern has highest literacy rate?
A)
Mizoram
B)
Tripura
C)
Assam
D)
Meghalaya
Based on the 2011 Census of India (which is the standard reference for most competitive exams unless current year data is specified), Mizoram has the highest literacy rate among all the North-eastern states and one of the highest in India.
1. Mizoram: Approximately 91.33% literacy rate.
2. Tripura: Approximately 87.22% literacy rate.
3. Meghalaya: Approximately 74.29% literacy rate.
4. Assam: Approximately 72.19% literacy rate.
Comparing these figures, Mizoram clearly holds the highest literacy rate in the North-eastern region.