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Past Questions
Turkish towel appearance is seen in __________.
A)
Aspergillosis
B)
Favus
C)
Candidiasis
D)
None of these
‘Turkish towel appearance’ is a classic description of **favus**, a form of dermatophytosis caused mainly by *Trichophyton schoenleinii*. The fungal hyphae in the hair shaft produce a characteristic honeycomb/towel-like appearance. Aspergillosis and candidiasis do not show this classic feature.
The larval form of T. solium that causes Cysticercosis in man is__________.
A)
Cysticercus cellulosae
B)
Cysticercus bovis
C)
Echinococcus granulosus
D)
All of these
Taenia solium is the pork tapeworm. Its larval stage is called Cysticercus cellulosae, and when this larva infects humans it causes cysticercosis. Cysticercus bovis is the larval stage of Taenia saginata, not T. solium. Echinococcus granulosus is a different parasite altogether, so option (d) is incorrect.
The post bite vaccination of Rabies recommended by National Rabies Control Programme (NRCP), 2019.
A)
0, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days
B)
0, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days
C)
0, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days
D)
0, 7, 14 and 28 days
Under the National Rabies Control Programme (NRCP), 2019, the recommended post-bite (post-exposure) anti-rabies vaccination schedule was the 5-dose regimen on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28. Therefore, option (a) is correct. Options (b), (c), and (d) do not match the standard NRCP 2019 schedule.
The rate of multiplication of bacteria slows down in __________.
A)
Lag phase
B)
Exponential or Log phase
C)
Stationary phase
D)
Death phase
Bacterial growth has distinct phases: lag phase (adaptation, little or no multiplication), exponential/log phase (rapid maximum multiplication), stationary phase (nutrients become limited and waste accumulates, so the rate of multiplication slows and equals the rate of death), and death phase (more cells die than are formed). Therefore, the rate of multiplication slows down in the stationary phase. Lag phase is not multiplication phase, log phase is the fastest growth phase, and death phase is decline rather than just slowed multiplication.
The avian (birds) has __________ which help them in respiration.
A)
Lungs only
B)
Small lungs with air sacs
C)
Air sacs only
D)
None of these
Birds respire with small, compact lungs assisted by a system of air sacs. These air sacs act like bellows, helping maintain a continuous flow of air through the lungs and making respiration very efficient. Hence, the correct answer is 'Small lungs with air sacs'. 'Lungs only' is incomplete because birds have air sacs too, and 'Air sacs only' is incorrect because gas exchange occurs in the lungs, not in the sacs alone.
Dose of drug that produces 50% of its maximum response or effect.
A)
EC50
B)
LD50
C)
ED50
D)
IC50
EC50 means the effective concentration of a drug that produces 50% of its maximum response. In pharmacology, this is the standard term for the concentration producing half-maximal effect. ED50 refers to the dose producing the desired effect in 50% of a population, LD50 is the lethal dose for 50% of a population, and IC50 is the concentration that inhibits 50% of a biological process.
Liver coccidiosis in rabbits is caused by __________.
A)
Eimeria tenella
B)
Eimeria necatrix
C)
Eimeria stiedae
D)
None of these
Liver coccidiosis in rabbits is caused by Eimeria stiedae, which specifically infects the bile ducts and liver. Eimeria tenella mainly causes cecal coccidiosis in chickens, and Eimeria necatrix also affects chickens, not rabbits. Therefore, the correct answer is Eimeria stiedae.
According to OIE __________ is also known as Blue ear disease.
A)
ASF
B)
SF
C)
PRRS
D)
None of these
Blue ear disease is the common name for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), especially the acute form in pigs where cyanosis of the ears can occur. ASF is African swine fever and SF is swine fever, neither is called blue ear disease. Therefore, the correct option is PRRS.
__________ is an adverse drug reaction when a drug is administered repeatedly and/or in large doses. Eg. Deafness following dihydrostreptomycin.
A)
Side effects
B)
Untoward effects
C)
Toxic effects
D)
Allergic effects
An adverse drug reaction that occurs when a drug is given repeatedly and/or in large doses is called a toxic effect. Toxicity is dose-related and may damage tissues or organs; deafness after dihydrostreptomycin is a classic example of ototoxicity. Side effects are usually secondary effects at normal doses, untoward effects is a general term, and allergic effects are immune-mediated and not dose-dependent.
The vector for Visceral Leishmaniasis is __________.
A)
Tsetse fly
B)
Black fly
C)
Sand fly
D)
None of these
Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) is transmitted by the bite of infected female sand flies, especially Phlebotomus species in the Old World. Tsetse fly transmits trypanosomiasis, black fly transmits onchocerciasis, and therefore the correct vector here is sand fly.
Inability of the tissue to utilize oxygen commonly occurs in cyanide poisoning.
A)
Anoxic anoxia
B)
Anaemic anoxia
C)
Stagnant anoxia
D)
Histotoxic anoxia
Cyanide poisoning prevents tissue cells from using oxygen by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase in the electron transport chain. So even though oxygen may be present in the blood, the tissues cannot utilize it. This condition is called histotoxic anoxia. Anoxic anoxia means lack of oxygen in blood, anaemic anoxia means reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, and stagnant anoxia means reduced blood flow.
Flight and fight syndrome due to stress in animals results in __________.
A)
Hyperglycemia and ketosis
B)
Toxaemia
C)
Both (a) and (b)
D)
None of these
In fight-or-flight stress, adrenaline and cortisol increase glycogenolysis and lipolysis. This raises blood glucose, causing hyperglycemia, and promotes fat breakdown, which can lead to ketone body formation and ketosis. Toxaemia is not a direct result of the fight-or-flight response, so option (b) is incorrect, and therefore (c) is also incorrect.
Man acts as an intermediate host for __________.
A)
Taenia solium
B)
Taenia saginata
C)
Both Taenia solium and Taenia saginata
D)
None of these
Man acts as an intermediate host for Taenia solium when he ingests the eggs and the larval cysticerci develop in human tissues (cysticercosis). In Taenia saginata, man is the definitive host and cattle are the intermediate host. Therefore, only Taenia solium is correct.
Passive hyperemia is the accumulation of blood in the __________.
A)
Arteries
B)
Lymphatics
C)
Veins
D)
None of these
Passive hyperemia (congestion) is the accumulation of blood due to impaired venous return, so blood collects in the veins and capillaries of an organ or tissue. It is not an arterial phenomenon. Lymphatics carry lymph, not blood, so option (b) is incorrect. Therefore, the correct answer is veins.
The molecular diagnostic technique used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of a targeted DNA molecule.
A)
RT- PCR
B)
LAMP
C)
Real time PCR
D)
Multiplex PCR
Real-time PCR (qPCR) is used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of a target DNA molecule because it detects amplification during each cycle, allowing measurement of the amount of starting DNA. RT-PCR is mainly for RNA detection after reverse transcription, LAMP is primarily a rapid amplification method, and multiplex PCR detects multiple targets simultaneously but is not the standard technique for quantitative analysis.
A very good example of opportunistic pathogens in a Covid -19 recovering patients.
A)
Black fungus
B)
Yellow fungus
C)
Aspergillus spp.
D)
All of these
In post-COVID or recovering patients, several opportunistic fungal infections have been reported, including black fungus (mucormycosis), yellow fungus, and Aspergillus species (aspergillosis). Since all listed organisms can act as opportunistic pathogens in such patients, the correct answer is 'All of these'.
Pig Whipworm
A)
Uncinaria stenocephala
B)
Trichuris suis
C)
Barthomostomus sangeri
D)
None of these
Pig whipworm is Trichuris suis. It is the whipworm species commonly parasitizing pigs. Option (a) Uncinaria stenocephala is a hookworm of dogs and other carnivores, and option (c) Barthomostomus sangeri is not the pig whipworm. Therefore, the correct answer is (b) Trichuris suis.
An agents which produce sleep and can be awaked by external stimuli.
A)
Narcotics
B)
Hypnotics
C)
Both (a) & (b)
D)
None of these
Hypnotics are drugs that induce sleep, and the person can usually be awakened by external stimuli. Narcotics primarily refer to analgesic/depressant drugs and are not the standard term for sleep-producing agents. Therefore, the correct answer is Hypnotics.
A relatively short fragments of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication is called:
A)
Primer
B)
Okazaki fragment
C)
Klenow fragment
D)
None of these
During DNA replication, the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short DNA segments. These short fragments are called Okazaki fragments. A primer is only a short RNA segment that starts synthesis, and the Klenow fragment is a DNA polymerase I fragment, not a replication product.
Laughing gas is __________.
A)
Carbon dioxide
B)
Sulphur dioxide
C)
Nitrous oxide
D)
None of these
Laughing gas is the common name for nitrous oxide (N2O). It was historically used as an anesthetic and causes a brief feeling of euphoria, which is why it is called laughing gas. Carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide are different gases and are not known by this name.
Stage III of Inhalant anesthesia with plane __________ is use for surgical operation.
A)
Plane I
B)
Plane II
C)
Plane III
D)
Plane IV
In inhalant anesthesia, Stage III is the surgical anesthesia stage. It is divided into four planes. Plane II is the commonly used plane for surgical operations because reflexes are adequately depressed and muscle relaxation is sufficient for surgery. Plane I is too light, while Plane III and Plane IV represent progressively deeper anesthesia and may lead to dangerous depression of vital functions.
__________ is a “Programme cell death” or cell suicide.
A)
Apoptosis
B)
Karryorrhexis
C)
Karyolysis
D)
Necrosis
Apoptosis is the term for programmed cell death, also called cell suicide. It is a controlled process by which cells die without causing inflammation. Karyorrhexis means fragmentation of the nucleus, karyolysis means dissolution of the nucleus, and necrosis is accidental/uncontrolled cell death due to injury.
__________ is the fluid part of blood after clotting of whole blood.
A)
Plasma
B)
RBC
C)
WBC
D)
Serum
When whole blood clots, clotting factors such as fibrinogen are used up in forming the clot. The remaining fluid is called serum. Plasma is the fluid part of blood before clotting, while RBC and WBC are blood cells, not fluid components.
“Star-gazing posture” of chicks is due to deficiency of __________.
A)
Vitamin B1
B)
Vitamin B2
C)
Vitamin B6
D)
Vitamin B12
‘Star-gazing’ posture in chicks is a nervous disorder classically associated with thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. Vitamin B1 deficiency causes neurological signs such as opisthotonos/‘star gazing’. Vitamin B2 deficiency more typically causes curled-toe paralysis and riboflavin deficiency signs, while B6 and B12 deficiencies do not classically produce this specific posture.
They have no gut or mouth but absorb nutrients directly from the host’s gut.
A)
Trematodes
B)
Nematodes
C)
Cestodes
D)
All of these
Cestodes (tapeworms) lack a digestive tract, including a mouth and gut. They absorb pre-digested nutrients directly through their tegument from the host’s intestinal contents. Trematodes and nematodes do have digestive systems, so they are not correct.